RANGKAIAN KELISTRIKAN

ARI WIBOWO

 Tenaga Kelistrikan Perkeretapian

Listrik Aliran Atas
Single Line Diagram
Komponen Substation : Transfomer,
Penyearah, CB, PMT, Metering,Proteksi
Gardu Listrik dan Komunikasi Gardu
Listrik , Diagram Blok Substation,
Spesifikasi Teknis Gardu Listrik KRL
Diagram Alir Konversi Daya dan Arus
Hubung Singkat

DEFINISI

Inpower
engineering,
aone-line
diagramorsingle-line diagram(SLD) is a
simplified notation for representing athreephasepower system.[1]The one-line diagram
has its largest application inpower flow
studies. Electrical elements such as circuit
breakers, transformers, capacitors,bus bars,
and conductors are shown by standardized
schematic symbols

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM (SLD) Or, ONE LINE DIAGRAM

The single-line diagram is the blueprint for electrical system analysis. It is
the first step in preparing a critical response plan, allowing you to
become thoroughly familiar with the electrical distribution system layout
and design in your facility.

WHY ITS REQUIRED?

Whether you have a new or existing facility, the single-line diagram is the
vital roadmap for all future
testing, service and maintenance activities. As such, the single-line diagram
is like a balance sheet for
your facility and provides a snapshot of your facility at a moment in time. It
needs to change as your
facility changes to ensure that your systems are adequately protected.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

An up-to-date single-line diagram is vital for a variety of service activities

including:
Short circuit calculations
Coordination studies
Load flow studies
Safety evaluation studies
All other engineering studies
Electrical safety procedures
Efficient maintenance

WHAT SHOULD BE IN A SINGLE LINE

DIAGRAM (SLD)?
1. Incoming lines showing voltage and size;
2. Power transformers (rating, winding connection and grounding
means);
3. Relays (function, use and type);
4. Current and / or potential transformers with size, type and ratio;
5. Critical equipment voltage and size (UPS, battery, generator,
power distribution, transfer;
6. A summary load schedule for the LT switchgear panel;
7. A load schedule for each distribution panels and switch board.

Single-Busbar Arrangement with one Main Power

Transformer
The following figure shows the
principle of the solution utilizing
only one power transformer and a
single-busbar configuration on
the medium-voltage side. The
dotted line on the high-voltage
side marks for the optional bypass
disconnector
placement
enabling the HV circuit breaker
service.
Advantages:
simple and low investment cost solution
control and protection functions straight forward
Drawbacks:
no redundancy
whole substation out of service while power transformer (and
HV circuit breaker) out of service
fault in the MV busbar would take the whole substation out of
service

Single-Busbar Arrangement with Bus Sectionalizer and Two

Power Transformers
The following figure shows the singlebusbar arrangement having a dedicated
transfer bus. By utilizing the transfer bus
and the bus coupler, each feeder circuit
breaker can be de-energized for service
without any effect to the load. The
transfer bus does not have the facility for
load-sharing since only one feeder bay is
allowed to be connected to it at a time.

Advantages:
redundancy, in case one power transformer can carry the whole load
increased operational flexibility
fault in the busbar would be limited to one section only
limitation of short circuit currents while bus sectionalizer is open
disturbances caused by a fault in the outgoing feeder is seen only with half of the other
outgoing feeders
Drawbacks:
higher investment cost
higher no-load losses as compared to solution with one power transformer with equal
capacity
paralleling of the power transformers needs additional control logic

Single-Busbar Arrangement with Transfer

Bus The following figure shows the
single-busbar
arrangement
having a dedicated transfer bus.
By utilizing the transfer bus and
the bus coupler, each feeder
circuit breaker can be deenergized for service without
any effect to the load. The
transfer bus does not have the
facility for load-sharing since
only one feeder bay is allowed
to be connected to it at a time.
Advantages:
maintenance on one circuit breaker does not cause any interruptions
for the load
Drawbacks:
higher investment cost
whole substation out of service in a busbar fault case
protection and auto-reclosing circuits have to be switched over to
the bus coupler bay during a transfer situation
interlocking circuits to prevent more than one bay to be connected
to the transfer bus simultaneously

Double-Busbar Arrangement
The following figure shows the
double-busbar arrangement. In a
typical operation mode. this type of
configuration would have the bus
coupler
open
and
line
and
transformer feeders equally shared
between the busses. The bus coupler
enables
the
feeder
switching
between the busses without load
interruption. This configuration needs
advanced interlocking circuits to
prevent forbidden operations like
doing bus coupling using any other
bay than bus coupler bay.
Advantages:
operational flexibility i.e. possibility to move loads between busses
effect of a busbar fault limited
limitation of short circuit currents if operated bus coupler open
substation extension possible under service
Drawbacks:
complicated interlocking
whole bay out of service when circuit breaker under maintenance
bus voltage reference needs a selection circuit
busbar protection and breaker failure protection need a selection circuit

Double-Breaker Arrangement

Advantages:
busbar fault does not disturb service
circuit breaker maintenance can be carried out
without load interruption
substation extension possible under service
Drawbacks:
high investment cost
complicated protection and auto-reclosing circuits
protected object current has to be summated from
the two breaker branches
current transformer nominal current selection
based on bus connection conditions and circuit
breakers nominal currents

The following figure shows the

double-breaker arrangement.
In a typical operation mode,
this type of a configuration
would have all the breakers
closed.
This
configuration
needs advanced protection
and auto-reclosing circuits. In
some cases, the transformer
feeders are equipped with
one breaker only, thus the
power
transformers
are
permanently connected to a
dedicated
bus.
Normally,
there is no need to have a
special bus coupler bay
included, since the bus connection is realized through
line feeder (and transformer
feeder)
bays.
Current
measurement is carried out
for each of the branches
separately.

H-bus Arrangement

Advantages:
offers limited operational flexibility and
redundancy at low cost
compact design with low space
requirements
can be originally built with one power
transformer with a provision for a second one
Drawbacks:
Extensions accommodating more lines or
power transformers are difficult

The following figure

shows one example of
the so-called H-bus
arrangements. There
are many variations of
this
basic
arrangement
where
the
number
of
breakers and their
location vary. Based
on the actual selected
configuration,
the
protection
schemes
are chosen as a result
of
the
network
topology.

ATS

the automatic transfer logic

provides the decision-making for
what
automatic operations are to
happen, and when. It controls
the operation of the two transfer
circuit breakers, CB-UM and
CB-GM, and receives status
inputs from those breakers.
It also
can initiate generator startup for
the alternate power source

Undervoltage (device 27) and negative sequence

voltage (device 47) relays on each power source give
the transfer logic indication of their condition. In
addition, a frequency relay (device 81) is present
forfrequency indication of the alternate power source.
Voltage transformers, or VTs, step the system voltages
down to instrumentation levels that can be used by
these relays. A user interface allows the adjustment of
certain operating parameters of the system, and updates
the user onthe status of the system.

This alternative has the

advantage that the battery
capacitance acts as a filter
and reduces the electrical
noise on the DC bus and
limits
interference into associated
electronic and communication
systems.
Figure 125 V DC system key
diagram
All breakers normally closed
except those marked NO
indicates optional or
alternative features
Fuse may be substituted for
circuit breakers for any or all
circuits except where transfer
switching is required

A third example is
shown in figure 3,
which is an example
of a dual supply and
dual battery AC and
DC power supply
arrangement. For a
small hydroelectric
generating station,
AC and DC
distribution supply
is used. However,
the transfer switch
arrangements shown
between the chargers
and the two batteries
in this example, which
allow either charger
to charge either
battery, are less

230 VAC UPS SYSTEM

SINGLE LINE
SUPPLY
INSTALASI CNG

Tipe Tipe Baterai, kalkulasi Jumlah;

Genset, Rating;
Grounding;
Peenangkal Petir;

Circuit Breaker

MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)

MCCB ( Mold Case Circuit Breaker)
ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)
ACB ( Air Circuit Breaker)
OCB (Oil Circuit Breaker)
VCB (Vacuum Circuit Breaker)
NCB (No Fuse Circuit Breaker)
SF6CB (Sulfur Circuit Beraker)

Pengertian

Trafo Arus atau Current

Transformer

Trafo Arus (Current Transformator - CT) yaitu peralatan yang digunakan untuk melakukan pengukuran
besaran arus pada intalasi tenaga listrik disisi primer (TET, TT dan TM) yang berskala besar dengan
melakukan transformasi dari besaran arus yang besar menjadi besaran arus yang kecil secara akurat
dan teliti untuk keperluan pengukuran dan proteksi
Trafo arus atau transformer arus adalah trafo yang digunakan untuk mengkonversikan arus besar yang
mengalir di sisi belitan primer menjadi arus sekunder yang lebih kecil.
Mengkonversi besaran arus pada sistem tenaga listrik dari besaran primer menjadi besaran sekunder
untuk keperluan pengukuran sistem metering dan proteksi
Mengisolasi rangkaian sekunder terhadap rangkaian primer, sebagai pengamanan terhadap manusia
atau operatorukan pengukuran.

Fungsi
A. Trafo arus pengukuran
Trafo arus pengukuran untuk metering memiliki ketelitian tinggi pada daerah kerja (daerah
pengenalnya) 5% - 120% arus nominalnya tergantung dari kelasnya dan tingkat kejenuhan yang relatif
rendah dibandingkan trafo arus untuk proteksi
Penggunaan trafo arus pengukuran untuk Amperemeter, Watt-meter, VARh-meter, dan cos meter.

B. Trafo untuk proteksi

Trafo arus untuk proteksi, memiliki ketelitian tinggi pada saat terjadi gangguan dimana arus
yang mengalir beberapa kali dari arus pengenalnya dan tingkat kejenuhan cukup tinggi
Penggunaan trafo arus proteksi untuk relai arus lebih (OCR dan GFR), relai beban lebih, relai
diferensial, relai daya dan relai jarak.

Cara Membaca Spesifikasi Teknis

CT 5P20 dengan rasio 300 / 1 A,

artinya Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF) = 20,
maka batas ketelitian trafo arus tersebut adalah
5% pada nilai 20 x Arus pengenal primer atau
5% * 300 A pada pengukuran arus primer 20 * 300 A,
atau 15 A pada pengukuran arus primer 6000 A

Batas Kesalahan Trafo Arus Metering

Trafo arus
dengan
spesifikasi
sebagai berikut;
ratio 300/5 A,
klas 0,2 dan
dibebani
sebesar 60 Amp
(20% In), maka
kesalahan yang
di ijinkan adalah
...??????????????

Trafo Arus Dalam Panel

Substation

Prinsip Kerja

Pada saat arus primer Ip mengalir pada lilitan primer, maka akan muncul medan magnet disekeliling
lilitan primer tersebut
Medan magnet tersebut akan terkumpul lebih banyak pada inti atau core. Medan magnet yang berputar
di dalam inti atau core menghasilkan perubahan flux primer dan memotong lilitan sekunder sehingga
menginduksikan tegangan pada lilitan sekunder sesuai hukum faraday
gaya gerak listrik (ggl) induksi yang timbul antara ujung-ujung suatu loop penghantar berbanding lurus
dengan laju perubahan fluks magnetik yang dilingkupi oleh loop penghantar tersebut
Karena lilitan sekunder membentuk loop tertutup, maka akan mengalir arus sekunder Is yang akan
membangkitkan medan magnet untuk melawan flux magnet yang dihasilkan oleh belitan primer sesuai
hukum lenz
ggl induksi selalu membangkitkan arus yang medan magnetnya berlawanan dengan asal perubahan
fluks