Chapter02 Blood Circulation Function and Composition

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Permission required for reproduction or display
Chapter 2
PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany
Booth, Wallace, and Fitzgerald

Chapter 2
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Blood Circulation,
Function, and Composition
Chapter 2
Learning Outcomes
Upon Completion of this chapter, you should be
able to:
Describe circulation and the purpose of the

vascular system.
Discuss three types of circulation.
List and describe the three layers of blood vessels.
Identify and describe the structures and functions

of the different types of blood vessels.
Chapter 2
Learning Outcomes
(contd)
Locate and name the veins most commonly

used for phlebotomy procedures.
List the functions of blood.
Identify the major components of blood.
Describe the major functions of red blood cells,

white blood cells, and platelets.
Chapter 2
Learning Outcomes
(contd)
List the different types of white blood cells and

give the function of each.
Differentiate between serum and plasma.
Define hemostasis and describe the basic

coagulation process.
Describe how ABO and Rh blood types are

determined.
Chapter 2
rk
Yo
The human vascular system

consists of approximately 70,000
miles of blood vessels; this could
reach from New York to San
Francisco about 24 times!!
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Blood vessels, along with the heart,

are responsible for the circulation of
blood throughout the body.
Chapter 2
Circulation and the Vascular

System
Septum divides the heart

into a right and left side
Has four chambers:
Right and left atrium
Right and left ventricle
Valves allow blood to pass

from the atria to the
ventricles
The pulmonary artery and

aorta carry blood away from
the heart
Chapter 2
Coronary Circulation
Provides blood supply to the heart

Receives oxygenated blood from the aorta
into the coronary arteries
Coronary veins carry deoxygenated blood to
the right atrium
Click picture for larger view.
Chapter 2
Pulmonary circulation
occurs when blood
that has been used by
the cells of the body is
returned to the heart
and transported to the
lungs for gas
exchange.
O2
CO
Exchange of gases
Chapter 2
10
Digestive system
Systemic circulation
also removes waste
products from the body
cells.
This network of blood vessels

carrying oxygenated blood picks up
essential nutrients from the
digestive tract to deliver to all
other cells of the body.
Venous Blood
Arterial Blood
Has a larger
concentration of
carbon dioxide
Pumped by the
heart to the lungs
Chapter 2
Has a larger
concentration of
oxygen than carbon
dioxide
Pumped by the heart to
the body cells
11
Exchange of oxygen and carbon

dioxide in the lungs capillaries
Pulmonary Circulation
Blood rich in oxygen

Blood low in oxygen
Blood moves from the vena cava to the
right atrium and ventricle for pulmonary
circulation. Blood then moves to the left
atrium and ventricle and into the aorta
for systemic circulation.
Systemic Circulation
O2 and CO2 exchange between

capillary beds and body tissues.
Chapter 2
12
Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Vena Cava
Arteries carry blood away from the heart and

veins carry blood toward the heart. The
capillaries are exchange vessels located between
the arterial and venous systems.
Chapter 2
13
Apply Your Knowledge
Identify the four chambers of the

heart.
ANSWER: Right atrium, left atrium, right
ventricle, and left ventricle
BRAVO!
Chapter 2
14
What is the purpose of pulmonary

circulation?
ANSWER: To exchange oxygen and
carbon dioxide
Good Job!
Chapter 2
15
Arteries and veins are

comprised of three
layers of tissue:
Tunica intima
Innermost,
smooth layer
Tunica media
Middle, thickest
layer
Tunica adventitia
Outer covering
Capillaries comprise only one layer of

tissue.
Chapter 2
16
Transport blood away from the heart

Carry blood under high pressure
Are elastic, muscular, and thick-walled
Dilate and constrict, which creates a pulse
Appear bright red due to high oxygen levels
Chapter 2
17
Are the smallest blood vessels

Provide a link from arterioles to venules
All gas exchange occurs at this level
Walls are very thin to allow for gas and
nutrient exchange
Chapter 2
18
Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

Contain one-way valves
Store about 65% to 70% of the bodys total blood
volume
Blood appears darker in color
Blood flows in a slow manner
Chapter 2
19
Artery or Vein?
At a venipuncture site, a vein will feel
bouncy and resilient, while an artery
will feel firm and pulsate.
In case of an accidental puncturing
of an artery, withdraw the needle
and apply firm pressure for at least
5 minutes.
Instruct the patient to remain still and notify a

nurse to assist in hematoma prevention.
Chapter 2
20
Selecting a Vein
After properly selecting a
vein, the phlebotomist
must use proper technique
and avoid probing around
at the site.
Accidental puncturing of a nerve could result in a

temporary loss of function and constitutes an act
of negligence.
Chapter 2
21
The most commonly

used veins for
venipuncture are
located in the
antecubital fossa.
Which vein is BEST for venipuncture?

1st Choice
Median cubital vein
2nd Choice
Cephalic
vein
Basilic vein
3rd Choice
Chapter 2
22
Hand Veins
Dorsal
venous arch
Metacarpal plexus
When the antecubital veins are not accessible,

the hand veins may be used for venipuncture.
NOTE:
Hand veins are smaller and less

anchored.
This can be very painful for the
patient.
Chapter 2
23
What are the three layers of tissue

that comprise the artery and vein?
ANSWER: Tunica intima, tunica media,
tunica adventitia
Great!
Chapter 2
24

Which type of vessel is the smallest,
forming the link between arterioles and
venules?
Bravo!
ANSWER: Capillaries
Chapter 2
25
Which site is the best for performing

venipuncture?
ANSWER: Median cubital vein
GREAT!
Chapter 2
26
Blood, when allowed to stand, will

separate into two components:
Liquid
Plasma, which is a
straw-colored fluid
comprised mostly of
water
Solid
Cellular
-red blood cells
component -white blood cells
s, including:-platelets
Chapter 2
27
Originate in the bone

marrow
Resemble the shape of a
doughnut without a hole
(biconcave)
Average lifespan is 120
days
Normal value =
approximately 4.5 to 5
million per cubic
Contains an iron-rich
protein molecule
called hemoglobin
Responsible for
carrying oxygen and
removing carbon
dioxide from every
body cell
Chapter 2
28
Im just
so tired!
Normal Hemoglobin Levels
Male = 1418 grams/100 mL
of blood
Female = 1216 grams/100
mL of blood
Symptoms of Anemia
An abnormally low hemoglobin

level and/or decrease in the
number of red blood cells is
called anemia.
Chapter 2
Weakness
Headache
Pale skin color
Difficulty breathing
29
Also known as
white blood
cells
Primarily responsible for
destroying foreign substances
such as pathogens
Types of White Blood Cells

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Neutrophils Monocytes
Appear round and white
Eosinophils Lymphocytes
because they lack hemoglobin
Basophils
Normal adult has 5,000 to
10,000 white blood cells per
cubic millimeter of blood
Chapter 2
30
Granulocytes
Basophils
Neutrophils
Most numerous of all the WBCs
Main warriors against infection
(phagocytosis)
Least common granulocyte

Assist with the inflammatory
process
Release histamine and heparin
Eosinophils
Present in a very small quantity

Ingest and destroy foreign proteins
Secrete chemicals to destroy parasites
Increase during allergic reactions and parasitic infections
Chapter 2
31
Agranulocytes
Monocytes
Largest in size of all the
white blood cells
Primary function is
phagocytosis
Survive for several months
Effective against chronic
infections
Lymphocytes
Assist with the immune
system
Produce antibodies that
destroy pathogens
Aid in controlling allergic
reactions
Quantities of each type of WBC can be determined

with a blood test known as a differential.
Chapter 2
32
Also known as platelets

Smallest of all the cellular
components
Normal adult has 150,000 to
450,000 per cubic millimeter of
blood
Average lifespan is 9 to 12
days
Prevent blood loss following an
injury
Chapter 2
33
Composition of Plasma
Water
Nutrients
Hormones
Electrolytes
Proteins
Waste
Protective substances
Serum is the liquid portion
of clotted blood.
Centrifugation is a
procedure that separates
blood into liquid and
cellular components.
Chapter 2
34
Immunocompromised Patients
Immunocompromised Patients
Require extra measures to be taken

in order to prevent infection
Standard Precautions, hand hygiene

and PPE must be used to protect the
patient from exposure to harmful
organisms
Chapter 2
35
What are the two types of white

blood cells?
ANSWER: Granulocytes and
agranulocytes
Good Job!
Chapter 2
36
What is the primary function of

thrombocytes or platelets?
ANSWER: To prevent blood loss
following an injury
GREAT!
Chapter 2
37
Following an injury, four events are available to stop

the bleeding:
2
1
Blood Vessel Spasm
Vessels decrease
in size to stop
bleeding in
small vessels
3
Platelet Plug Formation

Inner torn layer of the vessels
releases chemical signals that call
platelets to the site of injury
Blood Clotting
Requires the presence of certain
clotting factors to form fibrin
4
Fibrinolysis
Begins the repair
process
Chapter 2
38
I. Blood vessel spasm
III. Blood clotting
II. Platelet plug Formation
IV. Fibrinolysis
Chapter 2
39
Lack of Clotting Factors

Patients on anticoagulants
or those lacking natural
clotting ability require close
monitoring following
venipuncture.
Apply manual pressure for a minimum of 3

to 5 minutes to ensure that bleeding has
stopped.
Chapter 2
40
Identify the four events necessary

to stop blood flow to an injured site.
ANSWER: Blood vessel spasm, platelet
plug formation, blood clotting, fibrinolysis

GOOD JOB!
Chapter 2
41
The blood group system recognizes four blood typ

Type A, B, AB, and O
They are distinguished from
each other in part by their
antigens and antibodies.
Specific antibodies are found
in the serum based on the
type of antigen on the surface
of the RBC.
Chapter 2
42
Compatibility Chart
Blood Type
Can Accept From
Can Donate To
A, O
A, AB
B, O
B, AB
AB
A, B, AB, O
AB
O, A, AB, B
Chapter 2
43
The Rh Factor
Rh-Positive Rh-Negative
Contains the Rh antigen
No Rh antigen
Will make antibodies

if given Rh-positive
Clinically,
blood it is very
important for a female
to know
her Rh type
Agglutination
can if occur if given Rh-positive
sheblood
becomes pregnant.
Chapter 2
44
Type and Cross-Match Blood Specimens
For all type and cross-match orders, additional

identification is usually required. This may include
a signature and identification number as well as
initialing the tube and requisition form.
Always follow your facilitys policy
Chapter 2
45
Mary is type O and she requires a blood

transfusion. Which of the following people can
she receive blood from?
John (type AB)
Harry (type B)
Kala (type O)
Answer: Kala type O

Chapter 2 BRAVO!
46
Chapter 2 Summary
The vascular system consists of the heart and

blood vessels providing for circulation of blood.
Coronary circulation provides blood to the heart,

while systemic circulation provides blood to the
body.
Blood vessel layers include the tunica intima,

tunica media, and tunica adventitia.
Arteries, except the pulmonary artery, carry

blood to the body. Veins, except the pulmonary
vein, carries blood back to the heart.
Chapter 2
47
Chapter 2 Summary
(contd)
The three veins most commonly used for

phlebotomy are located in the antecubital
fossa.
Blood is responsible for transporting oxygen,

fluids, hormones, and antibodies and for
eliminating waste materials.
The major components of blood include the

formed elements and plasma.
RBCs transport oxygen and carbon dioxide;

WBCs destroy foreign invaders.
Chapter 2
48
Chapter 2 Summary
(contd)
WBCs include granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Plasma is the liquid portion of unclotted blood.

Serum is the liquid portion of clotted blood.
Hemostasis includes four stages: blood vessel

spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting,
and fibrinolysis.
ABO and Rh types are determined by the

antigen found on the RBCs.
Chapter 2
49
END OF CHAPTER 2
Logic is the anatomy of thought.
--John Locke
Chapter 2
50

Chapter02 Blood Circulation Function and Composition

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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Permission required for reproduction or display

Booth, Wallace, and Fitzgerald

Describe circulation and the purpose of the

Discuss three types of circulation.

List and describe the three layers of blood vessels.

Identify and describe the structures and functions

Locate and name the veins most commonly

List the functions of blood.

Identify the major components of blood.

Describe the major functions of red blood cells,

List the different types of white blood cells and

Differentiate between serum and plasma.

Define hemostasis and describe the basic

Describe how ABO and Rh blood types are

The human vascular system

Blood vessels, along with the heart,

Circulation and the Vascular

Septum divides the heart

Has four chambers:

Right and left atrium

Right and left ventricle

Valves allow blood to pass

The pulmonary artery and

Provides blood supply to the heart

Click picture for larger view.

This network of blood vessels

Exchange of oxygen and carbon

Blood rich in oxygen

O2 and CO2 exchange between

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and

Apply Your Knowledge

Identify the four chambers of the

Apply Your Knowledge

What is the purpose of pulmonary

Arteries and veins are

Capillaries comprise only one layer of

Transport blood away from the heart

Are the smallest blood vessels

Carry deoxygenated blood to the heart

Instruct the patient to remain still and notify a

Accidental puncturing of a nerve could result in a

The most commonly

Which vein is BEST for venipuncture?

Median cubital vein

When the antecubital veins are not accessible,

Hand veins are smaller and less

Apply Your Knowledge

What are the three layers of tissue

Apply Your Knowledge

Apply Your Knowledge

Which site is the best for performing

Blood, when allowed to stand, will

Originate in the bone

An abnormally low hemoglobin

Types of White Blood Cells

Least common granulocyte

Present in a very small quantity

Quantities of each type of WBC can be determined

Also known as platelets

Require extra measures to be taken

Standard Precautions, hand hygiene

Apply Your Knowledge

What are the two types of white