CB Relays

Operator Generic Fundamentals
Components Breakers, Relays, and Disconnects

Copyright 2016
Terminal Learning Objectives

At the completion of this training session, the trainee will demonstrate
mastery of this topic by passing a written exam with a grade of 80%
on the following areas:
1. Explain the purpose, safety precautions, and operation of
electrical circuit interrupting and circuit switching devices.
2. Explain the construction, operation, and indications for electrical
circuit breakers.
3. Describe the conditions that must be met prior to paralleling two
generators, including effects of not meeting these conditions.
Copyright 2016
TLOs
Circuit Protection
TLO 1 Explain the purpose, safety precautions, and operation of electrical circuit
interrupting and circuit switching devices.
1.1 Explain the principles of circuit protection and their application, including
selective tripping.
1.2 Describe the protection provided by each of the following: fuses, protective
relays, circuit breakers, and overload devices.
1.3 Describe the function of the following types of switches: disconnect switch,
automatic transfer switch and manual transfer switch.
1.4 Describe the personnel safety and equipment protection precautions associated
with circuit interrupting devices and relays.
1.5 Interpret symbols for breakers, relays, and disconnects in a simple one-line
diagram, and explain operation of the control circuit.
1.6 Explain the purpose and function of normal and power seeking automatic
transfer switches.
1.7 Describe the functions, operation, and protective features of motor controllers.
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TLO 1
Circuit Protection
ELO 1.1 Explain the principles of circuit protection and their application,
including selective tripping.
Designed to de-energize circuit to protect equipment and circuit from

electrical faults
Uses various types of fault sensors
Overcurrent, undervoltage, underfrequency, etc.
Uses various types of circuit interrupting devices
Fuses, breakers, etc.
Designed to maximize system reliability
Avoid unnecessary trips
Isolate only portion of circuit necessary, continuing service to
remainder
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ELO 1.1
Selective Tripping
Protective device closest to fault operates to remove fault from
system
Maintaining largest possible portion of system energized
In example below, fuses open circuit at 50 amps to Load 1
Output breaker for generator set to trip at 500 amps
Ensures power to Load 2
2
75A Fuses
Figure: Selective Tripping

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ELO 1.1
Circuit Protection Example

Power Plant Electrical System
Isolates faults to prevent damage
Maintains as much of the system energized as possible, maximizes
plant reliability
Functions as selective tripping
Four Condensate Booster Pumps
Motor Control Center (MCC) 1 supplies two pumps through
individual breakers
Motor Control Center (MCC) 2 supplies two pumps through
individual breakers
Ability to isolate faults at individual pump or power supply levels
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ELO 1.1
Circuit Protection Example

Fault on Individual Pump Motor
Isolate the pump to prevent damage
Maintain three pumps available and the plant online
Maintain full electrical system availability
Fault at Power Supply Level
Isolate the power supply at the MCC
Maintain other MCC available
Maintain two pumps available and possibly the plant online
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ELO 1.1
Circuit Interrupting Devices

ELO 1.2 Describe the protection provided by each of the following: fuses,
protective relays, circuit breakers, and overload devices.
Fuses
Device containing fusible link that protects electrical circuit from
overcurrent condition only
Fusible link directly heated and destroyed by excessive current
passing through it
Element sized so heat generated by normal current flow does not melt
element
Overcurrent or short-circuit current flows through fuse
Fusible link melts to open circuit (blown fuse)
May be time-delayed
Vital to replace safety-related fuses with correct type
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ELO 1.2
Types of Fuses
Plug Fuse
Consists of zinc or alloy strip
Fusible element enclosed in
porcelain or Pyrex
housing
Screw base
Normally used on circuits rated
at 125V or less to ground
Figure: Typical Fuses
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Types of Fuses
Cartridge Fuse
Constructed with zinc or alloy
fusible element
Enclosed in cylindrical tube
Element ends attached to
metallic contact piece at
ends of tube
Normally used on circuits rated
between 250 volts and 600
volts
Maximum continuous currentcarrying capacity of 600 amps
Figure: Typical Fuses
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ELO 1.2
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Circuit Breaker Protective Relays

Relays
Varied types of protective relays detect fault conditions
Send signals to trip one or more circuit breakers to isolate the
fault
Protect equipment from damage and personnel from injury
Different parameters are monitored to
Provide prompt response to a fault condition
Also avoid unnecessary system interruptions
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ELO 1.2
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Overload Relay Devices (also known as overcurrent)
Breakers usually provided with three overcurrent tripping devices
Provides breaker with long-time, short-time, and instantaneous
tripping capabilities
Long-time delay trip (also known as 51)
Device reacts to light overloads and trips breaker after a time
delay
Trips breaker on overload condition slightly higher than normal
full load
o Example: gradual bearing failure
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Overload Relay Devices
Short-time delay trip (also known as 51)
Device reacts to slightly higher current and trips breaker in a
shorter period of time
Allows for motor starting currents without tripping breaker unless
current level has not decayed within certain time frame after
motor start
o Example: Locked/seized rotor
Instantaneous trip (also known as 50)
Device reacts quickly to trip breaker due to high currents
o Example: Short-circuit
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Undervoltage Relay (also known as 27)
Used in large power systems with many induction motors
Induction motors draw more current when voltage drops
Challenges entire power system
Isolating the cause of undervoltage protects the system
Underfrequency Relay (also known as 81)
Trips breaker when frequency drops below a preset value
Protects loads on a system that cannot tolerate a significant change
in frequency
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Lockout (also known as 86)
Fault should be isolated by breaker actuation
Appears as if fault cleared, could allow breaker to reclose on fault
Lockout relays prevent automatic reclosure
Ensures the system is not re-energized before the fault is isolated
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ELO 1.2
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Reverse-Power Relay (also known as 32)
Senses a change in normal direction of current, indicating an
abnormal condition
A change in direction of power flow through breaker
Power flowing into source versus power flowing out of source
Usually used to protect electrical generator from damage
Due to motoring
Trips generator output breaker
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Thermal Overloads
Heat sensitive element and an
overload heater connected in
series with motor load circuit
When motor current is
excessive and sustained
Heat from heater causes
heat sensitive element to
open the motor breaker or
motor line contacts
Figure: Three-Phase Magnetic Controller
With Thermal Overloads
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Molded case breakers with larger current ratings also have magnetic
trip element to supplement thermal trip element
Magnetic unit utilizes magnetic force surrounding conductor to
operate circuit breaker tripping linkage
After activation, must manually reset an overload device to resume
motor operation
Can reset magnetic overload devices immediately
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Resetting Overload Devices

An activated overload device must be reset for motor operation
NOTE: Thermal overloads must cool before they can be reset
Manual Reset
o Located in controller enclosure which contains overload device
o Usually has a hand-operated rod, lever, or button that returns
device tripping mechanism to its original position and resets
interlocks
Automatic Reset
o Usually uses a spring or gravity operated device to reset
overload device without operator action
o Only after condition causing overload has cleared
Electrical Reset
o Actuated by an electromagnet controlled by a push button
o Used when desired to reset an overload device remotely
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Knowledge Check NRC Exam Bank
Which one of the following breaker trip signals will trip the associated
motor breaker if a motor bearing seizes while the motor is running?
A. Undervoltage
B. Underfrequency
C. Time-delayed overcurrent
D. Instantaneous overcurrent
Correct answer is C.
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ELO 1.2
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Transfer and Disconnect Switches

ELO 1.3 Describe the function of the following types of switches: disconnect
switch, automatic transfer switch, and manual transfer switch.
Provide flexibility within an electrical distribution system

Used to change lineup of system or power source for loads within
system
Provide direct visual indication that a circuit is broken
High-voltage disconnects used in switchyard operation
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Disconnect Switches
Two-position switches used for isolation of power supplies from one
or more loads or motor control centers
May be used in pairs to transfer power supplies from one source to
another
Figure: Typical Disconnect Switch

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Disconnect Switch Design & Operation

Disconnects differ from breakers
Operated manually
Not designed to be opened under load
Design does not include arc chutes or any other means to extinguish
arc drawn when disconnect opened
Cannot be opened under load
When energizing circuit with disconnect switch:
Close disconnect switch first, then close breaker
When de-energizing circuit with disconnect switch:
Open breaker first, then open disconnect
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Disconnects may contain fuses, which provide overcurrent protection
for loads supplied by disconnect
If not equipped with fuses, provide isolation for circuit only
Separate fuses or breakers would be required elsewhere in circuit
to provide protection for loads
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Safety Switches
Low voltage (less than or equal to 600VAC) switches that are
enclosed
May be locked in OFF
Used in isolation points for electrical maintenance
Special precautions required operating disconnects to protect
personnel from potential arcs
Leather gloves and safety glass should be worn
Operator should stand to side of disconnect and look away during
operation
o Protects operator's eyes and face from arc that may occur
during switch operation
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Before disconnect can be opened, all electrical loads fed by
disconnect must be verified off, or not operating
Opening disconnect under load can result in damage to disconnect
and injury to personnel
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Transfer Switches
Used to make and break electrical circuits in order to provide smooth
power transfer from one source of power to another
Manual Transfer Switch
Similar to disconnect switches
Except, have three positions to allow power supply for an
electrical component to be transferred from one source to another
Manual transfer switches may contain internal fuse protection
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Knowledge Check
What is an advantage of using high-voltage disconnect switches
instead of breakers to isolate main power transformers?
A. Disconnect switches can be operated either locally or remotely.
B. Disconnect switches provide direct visual indication that the
circuit is broken.
C. Disconnect switches are cheaper and provide the same
automatic protection as a breaker.
D. Disconnect switches are capable of interrupting a higher current
flow with less heating than a breaker.
Correct answer is B.
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Knowledge Check
A 480 volt AC motor control center supplies a load through a breaker and
a manual disconnect. Which one of the following sequences will provide
the greatest level of personnel safety when de-energizing the load for
maintenance and when re-energizing the load after the maintenance?
A. Open breaker first (de-energizing); shut disconnect first (reenergizing)
B. Open disconnect first (de-energizing); shut breaker first (reenergizing)
C. Open breaker first (de-energizing); shut breaker first (reenergizing)
D. Open disconnect first (de-energizing); shut disconnect first (reenergizing)
Correct answer is A.
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Safety and Equipment Protection

ELO 1.4 Describe the personnel safety and equipment protection procedures
and precautions associated with circuit interrupting devices and relays.
Personnel should always observe electrical safety precautions and

PPE requirements:
Do not open a disconnect switch under load
Disconnects should not be used to start and stop equipment
Follow all precautions for working on energized equipment when
checking voltages on breakers, relays, and switches with test
equipment
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Do not remove or replace any fuse under load
Never replace a fuse with one that has a different voltage or current
rating than that of the intended circuit
Perform the following before racking out circuit breakers:
Ensure circuit breaker is open

Ensure control power is removed when applicable
Tag or lockout applicable electrical sources
Utilize Personal Protective Equipment as specified for the voltage
and current involved
Always strip loads prior to reenergizing a dead bus
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Precautions
The following electrical safety precautions are good work practices:
Have a person stand by to deenergize the equipment in the event of
an emergency
Stand on insulating rubber material to increase the electrical
resistance of the body to ground
Cover exposed energized circuits with insulating material to prevent
inadvertent contact
Use insulated tools to prevent inadvertent contact with adjacent
equipment
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Knowledge Check
Which one of the following is an unsafe practice if performed when
working on or near energized electrical equipment?
A. Use insulated tools to prevent inadvertent contact with adjacent
equipment.
B. Cover exposed energized circuits with insulating material to
prevent inadvertent contact.
C. Attach a metal strap from your body to a nearby neutral ground
to ensure that you are grounded.
D. Have a person standing by with the ability to remove you from
the equipment in the event of an emergency.
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Electrical Drawings
ELO 1.5 Interpret symbols for breakers, relays, and disconnects in a simple oneline diagram, and explain the operation of the control circuit.
Common symbols include contacts, fuses, breakers, indicating lights,

trip coil, and closing coil
Fuse
Indicating Lights
Open Contact
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Overloads
ELO 1.5
Closing Coil,
Trip Coil
Breaker
Closed Contact
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Electrical Drawings
Common Symbols
Overloads, relays, switches, rectifier bridge, and transformer
Relays
Switch
Transformer
Switches
Closed Switch
Open Switch
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Electrical Drawings
Usually a legend on first sheet of drawing series
Different suppliers have differences in their conventions, so operator
should review drawing legend when in doubt
"a" contacts are open when the relay controlling it is de-energized,
and closed when it is energized
b" contacts are closed when the relay controlling it is de-energized,
and open when it is energized
Drawing representation shows contacts in their de-energized state
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Circuit Breaker Control

To operate circuit breakers from
remote location
Electrical control circuit must
be incorporated
Control power supplied by
AC source rectified to DC
o Some vital power sources
use DC as control power
Figure: Breaker Control Circuit
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Major Components:
Rectifier unit
Closing relay
Closing coil
Tripping coil
Auxiliary contacts
Circuit breaker control switch
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Control circuit can be designed
with protective features:
Overcurrent
Underfrequency
Undervoltage
Fault conditions cause
associated contact to close
Energize tripping coil
Trip circuit breaker
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Closing a Remotely Operated Circuit Breaker

To close circuit breaker control
switch, turn to CLOSE position
Provides path to energize
closing relay (CR)
Energized closing relay shuts
an auxiliary contact
Energizes closing coil (CC)
Closing coil shuts circuit
breaker
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Closing a Remotely Operated Circuit

Breaker
Once breaker is shut
It is latched in the closed
position
"b" contact associated with
the closing replay opens deenergizing
o Closing relay
o Closing coil (anti-pumping
feature)
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Closing a Remotely Operated Circuit

Breaker
When breaker closes
"a" contact closes
Enables trip circuit
Circuit breaker control switch
returns to neutral position when
released
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Opening a Remotely Operated Circuit

Breaker
Control switch turned to TRIP
position
Provides path to energize trip
coil (TC)
Releases latching mechanism
Circuit breaker will open
"a" contact will open
deenergized tripping coil
"b" contact will close
Sets up next remote closure
Control switch may be released
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Opening a Remotely Operated Circuit

Breaker
Circuit breaker is equipped with
Underfrequency trip
Undervoltage trip
Both/Either energize the breaker's trip coil opening breaker
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Analyzing Valve Control Circuits

Valve Fully Open
Valve open limit switch contact
is shut
A1 relay energized A1(a)
contact shut; red, open lamp
energized
Valve shut limit switch open
ELO 1.5
A2 relay deenergized and A2(b)

contact is shut
Both A1(b) and A2(a) contacts
open; green shut light out
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ELO 1.5
Figure: Valve Fully Open Circuit
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Analyzing Valve Control Circuit

Valve in Intermediate Position
Both valve open and valve
closed limit switches open
Both relays deenergized; (b)
contacts closed, (a) contacts
open
Both lamps energized
ELO 1.5
Figure: Valve Intermediate Position
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Analyzing Valve Control Circuits

Valve Closed
Valve shut limit switch contact
closed
A2 relay energized; A2(a)
contact closed, green shut lamp
energized
Valve open limit switch is open;
A1 relay deenergized, A1 (b)
contact is shut
Both A2(b) and A1(a) contacts
open; red open light out
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ELO 1.5
Figure: Valve Closed Circuit
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Electrical Drawings Example 1

Opening and Closing the Valve
As you can see, energizing K1 relay opens valve, deenergizing K1
relay closes valve
Figure: Valve Control Circuit
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To manually open the valve
Push PB2
Energizes K3 contact, which in turn energizes K1 relay
There is no other means to open valve through control circuit
After valve is opened, K1 relay has a seal-in K1 contact which
maintains power to K1 relay and keeps valve open

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To close the valve
Push PB1
Interrupts power to K1 relay
Causes the K1 seal-in contact to open when K1 relay is
deenergized
Valve closes and stays closed

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Valve response to loss of control power
K1 relay must remain energized for valve to stay open
If control circuit loses power, effect is the same as pushing PB1;
power to K1 relay is interrupted and valve closes
K1 seal in contact opens; when power is restored, valve stays
closed

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Alarm Light Function
As you can see from the drawing, the alarm lights when K2 time
delay relay picks up and closes K2 contact
Occurs after K2 relay has been energized for a 10-second period
If deenergized before time delay completes, they reset to zero

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K2 time delay relay is energized if the following sequence occurs:
PB2 is pushed to open valve
o energizes K3 relay
o closes K3 contact, energizing K1 relay and closing K1 seal in
contact
Power supplied to K2 time delay relay only if LS1 (limit switch) is
made up, which occurs when valve is fully closed

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Circumstances required for alarm to light are:
Button is pushed to open the valve and 10 seconds later, with an
open signal still applied, valve is fully closed
If valve is partially or fully open, LS1 will be open and alarm will not
sound
If operator depresses PB1 to close the valve, K1 relay will
deenergize and its seal in contact will open, alarm will not sound

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Simple Motor Control Circuit
Control power is taken from
termination L1
Returns at termination L2
Requires START pushbutton to
be depressed
Energizes MAIN coil
Closes maintaining contacts
Starting resistors in circuit
Until Time Delay coil
energizes
Figure: Control Power Circuit
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Time Delay energizes
Accelerating Coil
Closes contacts to bypass
resistors
Motor up to speed and
starting current drops off
When motor stopped with STOP
coil (or overload)
MAIN coil deenergizes
Time Delay coil deenergizes
Accelerating coil deenergizes
Starting resistors ready for
next motor start
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Figure: Control Power Circuit

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Electrical Drawings
Knowledge Check - NRC
Question
Refer to the drawing of a typical valve
control circuit. What is the purpose
of depressing the S1 pushbutton?
A. To de-energize the K3 relay
after the initiating condition
has cleared.
B. To prevent energizing the K3
relay when the initiating
condition occurs.
C. To manually energize the K3
relay in the absence of the
initiating condition.
D. To maintain the K3 relay
energized after the initiating
condition has cleared.
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ELO 1.5
Correct answer is A.
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Electrical Drawings
Knowledge Check NRC Question
Refer to the drawing of a valve control circuit below. Note that limit
switch (LS) contacts are shown open regardless of valve position, but
relay contacts are shown open/closed according to the standard
convention for control circuit drawings.
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Electrical Drawings
Knowledge Check (continued)
Which one of the following describes the purpose of the alarm?
A. Alert the operator when the valve motor circuit has been
energized for 10 seconds after pushbutton PB2 is depressed.
B. Alert the operator when the valve has not moved off its closed
seat within 10 seconds of depressing pushbutton PB2.
C. Alert the operator that the valve is opening by sounding the
alarm for 10 seconds after PB2 is depressed.
D. Alert the operator if the valve has not reached full open within
10 seconds of depressing pushbutton PB2.
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Automatic Transfer Switches

ELO 1.6 Explain the purpose and function of normal and power seeking
automatic transfer switches.
Used in electrical distribution systems to

quickly disconnect a deenergized electrical load from one power
supply
and connect it to a backup power supply such as an emergency
diesel generator
Ensure source of power available to essential electrical loads at all
times
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Grouped into two categories based on operation
Power-seeking
o Auto to alternate power supply
o Manual back to normal supply
Normal-seeking
o Auto to alternate power supply
o Auto back to normal power supply
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Many normal-seeking ATSs equipped with time delay
prevents them from shifting back to normal source of power until
it has been restored for a pre-set period of time (e.g. five
seconds)
Ensures ATS will not shift its electrical loads back to an unreliable
source of power when normal source restored
Power-seeking ATSs do not make a distinction between power
sources
It will stay connected to new source of power until that source of
power is lost, or
until the ATS is manually shifted back to original source of power
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Motor Controllers
ELO 1.7 Describe the functions, operation, and protective features of
motor controllers.
Range from a simple toggle switch to a complex system using

solenoids, relays, and timers
Basic function to control and protect the operation of a motor
includes
Starting and stopping motor
Protecting motor from overcurrent, undervoltage, and overheating
conditions that would cause motor damage
Two basic categories of motor controllers
Manual controller
Magnetic controller
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Manual Motor Controllers

Operated by hand
Provided with thermal and direct acting overload units
Protect motor from overload conditions
ON-OFF switch with overload conditions
Could be push buttons
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Manual Motor Controllers

Used on small loads such as
Machine tools
Fans/blowers
Pumps
Compressors
Simple design and operation
Provide quiet operation
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Magnetic Motor Controller

Master switch frequently
operated automatically
Float switch
Pressure switch
Thermostat
Manually operated master
switches for these types of
controllers include
Push buttons
Drum switches
Knife switches
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Figure: Three-Phase Magnetic Controller

With Thermal Overloads
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Magnetic Motor Contactor

Operated by electromagnet
Electromagnet and movable
iron armature on which movable
and stationary contacts are
mounted
When no current flowing
through electromagnetic coil
armature held away by
spring
When coil energized
Figure: Magnetic Contactor Assembly
electromagnet attracts
armature and closes
electrical contacts
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Motor Controller Types and Operation

Three major types of AC across-the-line controllers:
Low-voltage protection (LVP)
Low-voltage release (LVR)
Low-voltage release effect (LVRE)
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Low Voltage Protection

Main purpose is to
Deenergize motor during
low voltage
Prevent restarting
automatically upon return of
normal voltage
Figure: Low-Voltage Protection Controller
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Low-Voltage Protection Controller

When START button pushed
Contactor M coil is
energized
Closing M and Ma contacts
When START button released
M a contact remains
closed, completing circuit
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When low voltage condition
occurs
M coil will drop out at some
pre-determined value of
voltage
Usually 70-80% of rated
voltage
M and Ma contacts open
To restart motor, START button
must be pushed
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Depressing STOP button
deenergizes M coil
Opens M and Ma contacts
Stops motor
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Low-Voltage Release Controller

General purpose
Deenergize motor in low
voltage condition
Restart motor when normal
voltage is restored
Used primarily on small and/or
critical loads
Cooling water pumps
required for safety related
equipment
Figure: Low-Voltage Release Controller
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Placing START switch in run
Energizes M coil
Closing M contacts
Starting motor
When low-voltage condition
occurs
M coil drops out
Opening M contacts
Deenergizing motor
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When normal voltage restored
M coil is reenergized
Closing M contacts
Restarting motor
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Low-Voltage Release Effect

Maintains motor circuit at all times
Manual controller found mostly on small loads that must start
automatically upon restoration of voltage
May contain overloads
If overloads are used, they are placed in lines to load
Figure: Low-Voltage Release Effect Controller
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Knowledge Check
Knowledge Check
Refer to the drawing of a typical valve control circuit for a 480 VAC
motor-operated valve below.
The valve is currently open with the contact configuration as shown. If
the S1 pushbutton is depressed, the valve will ____________ and
when the S1 pushbutton is subsequently released, the valve will
____________.
A. remain open; close
B. remain open; remain open
C. close; open
D. close; remain closed
Correct answer is D.
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Circuit Breakers
TLO 2 Explain the construction, operation, and indications for electrical circuit
breakers.
2.1 Explain the construction and functions of circuit breakers, the different
types of circuit breakers and their applications, and the protective features
incorporated into circuit breakers.
2.2 Describe the following associated with racking out circuit breakers: purpose
for racking out circuit breakers, effect of racking out breakers on control
and indicating circuits, removal of control power on breaker operation.
2.3 Describe the indications provided for each of the following: local circuit
breaker position indications, control room circuit breaker status indications,
circuit breaker and protective relay trip indications.
2.4 Describe the effects of losing circuit breaker control power (to include
circuit breaker indicator lights and the ability to open and close a circuit
breaker remotely).
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Circuit Breakers
ELO 2.1 Explain the construction, functions, and operation of circuit
breakers, the different types of circuit breakers and their applications,
and the protective features incorporated into circuit breakers.
Circuit breakers used to
Isolate circuits
Circuit protection in the event of faults
Switching during normal operation
Circuit breakers do not sense faults
Relays or overload devices that sense faults often contained in
same cabinet as circuit breaker they signal to trip
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Circuit Breakers
Breaker Classifications
High voltage: above 15,000 volts
Intermediate or medium voltage: 600-15,000 volts
Low voltage: less than 600 volts
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Circuit Breakers
Low-Voltage Air Circuit Breaker
For circuits rated at 600 volts or
lower
Applications:
Molded case breakers
Small motor control center
(MCC) breakers
Figure: Molded Case Circuit Breaker
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Circuit Breakers
Molded Case Breaker
Operation
Turning ON or OFF position will
connect or disconnect a circuit
All breakers, except very small
ones, have a linkage that
allows for a quick make (quick
break) contact action
If circuit breaker opens under
fault condition, handle goes to
"trip-free" position
Figure: Cutaway View of Molded Case
Circuit Breaker
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Circuit Breakers
Automatic Tripping
Circuit breaker automatically
trips when current through it
exceeds a pre-determined
value
In lower current ratings, thermal
tripping devices provide the
means of automatic tripping
Figure: Cutaway View of Molded Case

Circuit Breaker
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Thermal Tripping Elements

Consists of bimetallic element
calibrated so normal current
heat does not cause deflection
High current will cause element
to deflect and trip linkage that
holds circuit breaker shut
Short circuit
Overload
Circuit breaker opened by
spring action
Figure: Thermal Tripping Element

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Thermal Tripping Elements

Bimetallic element is responsive
to heat produced by current
flowing through it
Inverse-time characteristic
If an extremely high current
is developed, circuit breaker
will be tripped very rapidly
For moderate overload
currents, it will operate more
slowly
Figure: Thermal Tripping Element

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Magnetic Tripping Elements

Arc Chutes
When the separable contacts of an air circuit breaker open, an arc
develops between contacts
Different designs and arrangements of contacts and their
surrounding chambers
Most common design places moving contacts inside an arc chute
Construction allows this arc chute to magnetically draw arc
formed as contacts open
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Large Air Circuit Breaker

Large distribution systems
require much larger air circuit
breakers
Breakers have current ratings
as high as 4,000 amps, and
interrupting ratings as high as
150,000 amps
Requires stronger mechanism
to make and break contact
Figure: Large Air Breaker Front
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Operation
Closing device, stored energy
mechanism
Uses large compressed coil
springs
Springs compressed
Manually
Small charging motor
Figure: Large Air Circuit Breaker
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Closing breakers compresses
tripping spring
Tripping spring and trip latch trip
open breaker
Trip latch operation
Manually
Remotely by trip coil
Electrically-operated circuit
breakers used when
Operated at frequent
intervals
Remote operation required

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When electrically operated
breaker tripped
Closing spring recharged by
spring charging motor
Makes breaker ready for
next closing operation
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Closing springs are
compressed by pulling
downward on large operating
handle on front of breaker
Closing springs may also be
charged by an electric motor
Motor powered from breaker
control power
Will charge springs after
breaker closing attempt
If control power lost, can
charge motor manually
using a lever or hand crank
Copyright 2016
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Figure: Large Air Breaker Front
92
High-Voltage Breaker Classifications

Circuits with voltage ratings higher than 600 volts use high-voltage
circuit breakers (including breakers rated at intermediate voltage)
Standard voltage ratings are from 4,160 to 765,000 volts with threephase interrupting ratings of 50,000 to 50,000,000 kVA
Early design of high-voltage circuit breakers were oil circuit
breakers
Newer designs are magnetic or compressed air
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Magnetic Air Circuit Breakers
Rated up to 750,000 kVA at
13,800 volts, interrupts air with
aid of magnetic blowout coils
When contacts separate during
a fault condition (see figure),
magnets draw arc out
horizontally and transfer it to a
set of arcing contacts
Blowout coil provides a
magnetic field to draw arc
upward into arc chutes
Arc accelerates upward into arc
chute where it is elongated and
divided into many small
segments
Copyright 2016
ELO 2.1
Figure: Magnetic Air Circuit Breaker
94

Compressed Air Circuit Breakers
Uses compressed air stream directed toward separable contacts to
interrupt arc
Air-blast circuit breakers developed for extra high-voltage
applications
Figure: Compressed Air Arc Chute

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Oil Circuit Breakers
Have contacts immersed in oil,
arc cooled and quenched
Oil tanks in oil circuit breakers
are sealed
Electrical connections between
contacts and external circuits
through porcelain bushings
Figure: Oil Circuit Breaker
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GE Magne-Blast Breaker
GE Magne-Blast breaker is a
medium-voltage breaker (see
figure) with wide use in power
plant switchgear application
Early designs were an air
circuit breaker, with a solenoid
operated mechanism
Latest designs outfitted with
vacuum type contacts
Figure: GE Magne-Blast Breaker
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GE Magne-Blast Breaker
Chassis contains primary
contact assembly and
bushings, interlocks, and
ground strap
Primary contact assembly is
the main current carrying part
of the breaker
Assembly consists of all
barriers, arc chutes, and air
puffer system
Some breaker designs include
a manual bar to charge closing
springs locally at breaker
Copyright 2016
Figure: GE Magne-Blast Breaker
ELO 2.1
98
Charging Motor
Normally, charging motor charges closing spring(s)
Located below operating mechanism on front left side and connected
to a drive fitting and levers to ratchet wheel
Spring discharge interlock
Discharges the closing springs when the breaker is rolled in or
out of switchgear cubicle
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Local Circuit Breaker Operation

Some circuit breakers are designed for local rather than remote
operation
Locally operated breakers may be designed to be opened and closed
electrically or manually
Figure: Circuit Breaker

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Electrically operated
Provided with a local breaker control switch
Uses breaker control power to electrically operate circuit breaker
Normally located in associated switchgear
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Control switch has three
positions
TRIP, breaker opens
Midposition, normal "at rest"
position
CLOSE, breaker closes if
interlocks met
Figure: Breaker Control Switch
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Logic circuitry checks breaker interlocks are satisfied before allowing
closing
Loss of control power breaker fails as is
Breaker control switch may have a PULL OUT (Pull-To-Lock) position
that prevents automatic closing
Standard with this type of control switch and does not imply
breaker has automatic closing features
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Electrically operated breakers may also have two different position
indicators
Circuit breaker position indicating flags
o Red flag indicates breaker was last positioned closed
o Green flag indicates breaker was last positioned open
o Flag mismatch if breaker positions differently from switch
Amber or white light
Circuit breaker position indicating lights
o Illuminated red indicates closed
o Illuminated green indicates open
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Manually Operated Breakers
Some MCC or load center circuit breakers do not have capability of
being operated electrically
Manually operated through use of a "TRIP" and a "CLOSE" push
button
Do not have:
Circuit breaker control switches
Position indicating lights
Logic circuits to check for interlocks
Must be operated per procedure
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Local-Remote Transfer Switch

Some components provided with REMOTE/LOCAL transfer switch
DG output breaker
Remote Shutdown Panel components
When REMOTE selected:
control power available for trips and breaker can be operated
remotely from control room
When LOCAL selected:
control power available for trips, but breaker can only be operated
locally
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Circuit breaker control circuit can be designed so that any one of a
number of protective features may be incorporated
If conditions exists while circuit breaker is closed
Relay will close its associated contact
Energize breaker tripping coil
Circuit breaker trips open
Various protective relays presented earlier (for example)
Undervoltage, underfrequency, reverse power
Long-term, short-term, or instantaneous overcurrent
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Circuit Breakers
A typical 120 VAC manual circuit breaker has tripped due to overload.
To close this circuit breaker, the breaker handle must be moved from
the...
A. OFF position directly to the ON position; trip latch reset is not
required.
B. midposition directly to the ON position; trip latch reset is not
required.
C. OFF position to the midposition to reset the trip latch, and then
to the ON position.
D. midposition to the OFF position to reset the trip latch, and then
to the ON position.
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108
Circuit Breakers
How is typical breaker operation affected when the associated breaker
control power transfer switch is placed in the LOCAL position?
A. Control power will be available to provide protective trips, and
the breaker can be electrically operated only from the control
room.
B. Control power will be removed from both the open and close
circuits, and the breaker can be electrically operated only from
the control room.
C. Control power will be available to provide protective trips, and
the breaker can be electrically operated only from the breaker
cabinet.
D. Control power will be removed from both the open and close
circuits, and the breaker can be electrically operated only from
the breaker cabinet.
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Racking Circuit Breakers

ELO 2.2 Describe the following associated with racking out circuit
breakers: purpose for racking out circuit breakers, effect of racking out
breakers on control and indicating circuits, and removal of control power
on breaker operation.
Breakers may be racked to three positions
Connect (racked in): normal position, breaker supplies power to
load
Test: breaker will not connect to load, but control power is
supplied to breaker
Disconnect (racked out): deenergizes the load for maintenance
(control power must be removed to completely deenergize)
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Large ACB Racking Operation

To completely deenergize an electrical component and its associated
control and indication circuits
breaker should be racked out with control power fuses removed
There are many types of ACB circuit breakers
Method of rackout will be specific to type of breaker
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111

Draw out circuit breakers disconnected by moving breakers
physically away from bus
Accomplished with racking wrench
Figure: Draw out Breaker
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112

Breaker moves from
CONNECT position to
TEST position to
DISCONNECT position
Some plants have breaker
racking tools that rack the
breaker with the operator at a
distance
Interlock prevents circuit
breaker operation at any point
during racking operation
Copyright 2016
Figure: Breaker Racking Tool
ELO 2.2
113

Remote rackout device
minimizes danger associated
with potential arc blast as
breaker is racked out
Ensure plant procedures and
required PPE are used during
breaker racking operation
Accidents when racking
breakers can be fatal!
Figure: Racking Arc Blast

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CONNECT position allows
energizing/ deenergizing load
TEST position allows operation
of breaker with control power
while not connecting load to
bus
DISCONNECT allows removal
of breaker from switchgear
Figure: Breaker Racked Out

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To perform a verification of breaker position and operability, following
must be ensured:
Indication on floor of circuit breaker housing corresponds to
markings on the circuit breaker
Racking release lever is fully in CONNECT position (extreme
counterclockwise position)
Closing spring motor toggle switch is in ON position and closing
spring is charged (or fuses installed)
Control power breaker is closed and/or control power fuses in
place (not blown), ensuring power is available
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Racking Circuit Breakers

Knowledge Check
To completely deenergize an electrical component and its associated
control and indication circuits, the component breaker should be
A.
B.
C.
D.
open with the control switch in Pull-To-Lock.

open with the control switch tagged in the open position.
racked out and tagged in racked-out position.
racked out with control power fuses removed.
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Circuit Breaker Position Verification

ELO 2.3 Describe the indications provided for each of the following:
local circuit breaker position indications, control room circuit breaker
status indications, and circuit breaker and protective relay trip indications.
Circuit breaker status can be determined by a number of means
Breaker's OPEN/CLOSE mechanical indicators
Breaker position indication lights (control power)
Load-side voltage/current
Physical breaker position
All can be used to positively determine breaker position
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Control indications include:
Red (energized/closed) indicating light
Green (deenergized/open) indicating light
Amber (mismatch) indicating light
o On some breakers
Breaker control switch position
Load ammeter
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Circuit Breaker Position and Control

Switch Mismatch
Amber mismatch light indication
When light is ON
o Physical breaker position (open or closed) does not match
current control switch position
Provides additional control room indication of potential problem
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Circuit Breaker Trip Flags

Automatic circuit breaker trip may be determined by local device
protection flag indication
Once protective trip occurs, the trip coil energizes and the circuit
breaker opens
Indicated by local mechanical flag
If any protective devices are actuated
local mechanical trip flags must be manually reset once the
condition clears
o However, relay reset not required to close breaker
Unless it trips an 86 lockout device
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Use all available indications to determine circuit breaker condition
Best indications are those solely dependent on breaker position
Load side voltmeter readings
Local OPEN/CLOSE mechanical flags
Protective devices (relays) not good indicators
Breaker may indicate tripped by a protective trip mechanical flag
but may actually be closed
Circuit breaker could actually be closed but the trip flag may still
indicate tripped because protective device was not reset
(manually) from previous trip
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Circuit breaker position indicating lights are not necessarily a good
indicator of actual breaker position
Without breaker control power, breaker may indicate open (red
light is not illuminated) when actually closed
Indicating bulbs may also be burned out
Load side ammeter readings cannot be counted on to give an
accurate indication of breaker position
Unless breaker directly Starts/Stops a motor
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Knowledge Check
Breaker local overcurrent trip flag indicators, when actuated, indicate
that
A. a breaker trip will occur unless current is reduced.
B. a breaker overcurrent condition is responsible for a breaker trip.
C. an overcurrent condition has cleared and the breaker can be
closed.
D. the associated breaker has failed to trip open during an
overcurrent condition.
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Knowledge Check
While remotely investigating the condition of a normally-open 480 VAC
motor control center (MCC) feeder breaker, an operator observes the
following indications:
Green breaker position indicating light is out.
Red breaker position indicating light is lit.
MCC voltmeter indicates 480 VAC.
MCC ammeter indicates zero amperes.
Based on these indications, the operator should report that the feeder
breaker is __________ and racked __________.
A. open; in
B. closed; in
C. open; to the TEST position
D. closed; to the TEST position
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Knowledge Check
While remotely investigating the condition of a typical normally-open
motor control center (MCC) feeder breaker, an operator observes the
following indications:
Green breaker position indicating light is lit.
Red breaker position indicating light is out.
MCC voltmeter indicates zero volts.
MCC ammeter indicates zero amperes.
Based on these indications, the operator can accurately report that the
breaker is open and racked to __________ position.
A. the OUT
B. the IN
C. the TEST
D. an unknown
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Circuit Breaker Control Power

ELO 2.4 Describe the effects of losing circuit breaker control power on breaker
operation and indications.
To operate breakers using a control switch, remotely or locally, a

control circuit must be provided
Control power is usually taken from line contacts, rectified, and
provided to the control circuit through fuses
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Rectifier unit
Closing relay
Closing coil
Trip coil
Auxiliary contacts
Breaker control switch
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Protective features can be
added to trip circuit breaker
Control circuit shown has
protective features that will
close contacts to energize trip
coil
Underfrequency
Undervoltage
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Closing Breaker
Control switch to close
Energizes closing relay
Energizes closing coil
Closes breaker
Closes "a" contact to enable
the trip coil
No automatic closures
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Opening Breaker
Control switch to "trip"
Trip coil releases latch,
allowing breaker to open
"a" contact opens,
deenergizing trip coil
"b" contact closes, enabling
closing relay
Automatic opening features
Underfrequency
Undervoltage
When relays actuate,
contact energize trip coil
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Loss of Control Power

Effects of losing circuit breaker control power
Lose local and remote breaker indication lights
Lose remote breaker control (open/close)
Lose capability to trip open automatically from a protection trip
device or electrical fault
Lose ability for breaker closing spring to electrically recharge after
local closing of breaker (charging motor not energized)
Can still OPEN breaker locally/manually
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Knowledge Check
Loss of breaker control power will cause...
A. breaker line voltage to indicate zero regardless of actual
breaker position.
B. the remote breaker position to indicate open regardless of
actual breaker position.
C. inability to operate the breaker locally and remotely.
D. failure of the closing spring to charge following local closing of
the breaker.
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Knowledge Check
When a typical 4,160 volt breaker is racked to the TEST position,
control power is __________ the breaker; and the breaker is
__________ the load.
A. removed from; isolated from
B. removed from; connected to
C. available to; isolated from
D. available to; connected to
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Paralleling AC Sources
TLO 3 Describe the conditions that must be met prior to paralleling two
generators including effects of not meeting these conditions.
3.1 Describe the conditions required to properly parallel two AC power

sources, including voltage, frequency, and phase.
3.2 Describe the effects of paralleling two AC sources under the
following conditions: current out of phase, frequencies not
matched, high voltage differential, and low current or too much
load.
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Paralleling AC Sources Conditions

ELO 3.1 Describe the conditions required to properly parallel two AC power
sources, including voltage, frequency, and phase.
Three conditions must be met prior to paralleling or synchronizing AC

sources.
Terminal voltages almost equal
Minimize VAR loading
Frequency of incoming machine slightly higher than grid
Synchroscope rotating slowly in the FAST (clockwise) direction
Ensures incoming machine picks up some load instead of
becoming a load (motorizing)
Output voltages in phase
Minimize current surge through breaker
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Paralleling AC Sources
During paralleling operations, voltages of the generators to be
paralleled are shown on voltmeters
Frequency matching is accomplished through the use of output
frequency meters
A synchroscope is a device that senses two frequencies
indicates phase differences between generators
allows phase matching of two generators
Once breaker closed, synchroscope locks in
at 12 oclock
Most plants have sync check relays
Doesnt allow breaker closure out of phase
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Abnormal Conditions During Paralleling

Operations
ELO 3.2 Describe the effects of paralleling two AC sources under the
following conditions: current out of phase, frequencies not matched, high
voltage differential, and low current or too much load..
Recall that three conditions must be met prior to paralleling or
synchronizing AC sources
Following these three minimize current through breaker being
paralleled
o Minimum VAR loading
o Minimum real load picked up
o Minimum current from phase differences
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Paralleling Terminal Voltages

Voltages of running and incoming should be matched
Some plants allow incoming voltage to be slightly higher
Voltage indication might be stepped down to 120 volts on meters
Once generator loaded, voltage setting can be changed to carry
desired VAR loading
Usually raise voltage in morning to pick up anticipated VARs out
Usually lower voltage in evening to lower anticipated VARs out
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Paralleling Frequencies
Frequency of incoming machine slightly higher
Ensures some load picked up by incoming generator
Operator usually goes to RAISE on speed control to pick up
additional load
Frequency of incoming machine slightly lower
Synchroscope rotating in SLOW (counterclockwise) direction
o Known as "motoring or reverse powering
Breaker could stay closed if speed control immediately taken to
RAISE to pick up load
If frequencies matched
Synchroscope stays motionless at given clock position
o Could be in-phase or out-of-phase
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Paralleling Output Voltages in Phase

Incoming (generator) and running (grid) in-phase as synchroscope
passes through 12 oclock
When breaker closed, generator gets locked in phase with grid
Synchroscope goes to 12 oclock and stays there
If breaker closed out-of-phase, current surge could damage breaker
or generator
Sync check relays might allow closure
Between 11 and 1 oclock
Basically between +30 degrees and -30 degrees phase
differential
Therefore, anything > 30 degrees could be damaging
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Powering a Deenergized Bus

Closing the output breaker of a three-phase generator onto a
deenergized bus can produce an overcurrent condition on the
generator
Occurs if the bus was not first unloaded
Due to instantaneous flow of starting current for all loads running
when power was lost
If DG provided sole power to a vital bus
Bus usually load shed first (all breakers open)
DG comes up to speed
DG output breaker closes
Sequencer loads bus in timed sequence
o Allows starting currents to diminish before starting next load
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142
Paralleling Operations
Knowledge Check
A main generator is about to be connected to an infinite power grid.
Generator voltage is equal to grid voltage and the synchroscope is rotating
slowly in the counterclockwise direction. The generator breaker is closed
just prior to the synchroscope pointer reaching the 12 o'clock position.
Which one of the following is most likely to occur after the breaker is
closed?
A. The breaker will remain closed and the generator will supply only MW
to the grid.
B. The breaker will remain closed and the generator will supply both MW
and MVAR to the grid.
C. The breaker will open due to overcurrent.
D. The breaker will open due to reverse power.
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143
Paralleling Operations
Knowledge Check
If a main generator output breaker is closed when the generator output
voltage is 5 degrees out of phase with the power grid voltage, the main
generator will experience a __________ stress; if the breaker remains
closed and no additional operator action is taken, the main generator
voltage will __________ with the grid voltage.
A. minor; remain out of phase
B. minor; become locked into phase
C. potentially damaging; remain out of phase
D. potentially damaging; become locked into phase
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144
NRC KA to ELO Tie

KA #
KA Statement
Purpose of racking out breakers (de-energize components and associated control and
K1.01 indication circuits)
RO SRO
ELO
2.6
2.8
2.2
K1.02 Local indication that breaker is open, closed or tripped

2.8
Loss of power supply circuit breaker indicator lights and capability in remotely open and
K1.03 close
2.9
Operation of various push buttons, switches and handles and the resulting action on
K1.04 breakers
2.9
2.9
2.3
3.1
2.4
3.0
2.1
K1.05 Function of thermal overload protection device
2.3
2.4
1.2
K1.06 Interpretation of symbols for breakers, relays and disconnects in a one-line diagram
Safety procedures and precautions associated with breakers, including MCC bus
K1.07 breakers, high, medium and low voltage breakers, relays and disconnects
Effects of closing breakers with current out of phase, different frequencies, high voltage
K1.08 differential, low current, or too much load
Effect of racking out breakers on control and indicating circuits and removal of control
K1.09 power on breaker operation
2.3
2.6
1.5
3.0
3.3
1.4
3.3
3.5
3.2
2.8
3.1 2.3, 2.4
K1.10 Function, control, and precautions associated with disconnects
2.7
3.1
1.3
K1.11 Control room indication of a breaker status
3.1
3.3
2.3
K1.12 Trip indicators for circuit breakers and protective relays
2.9
2.9 1.2, 2.3
Copyright 2016

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Operator Generic Fundamentals

Components Breakers, Relays, and Disconnects

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Terminal Learning Objectives

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Designed to de-energize circuit to protect equipment and circuit from

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Figure: Selective Tripping

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Circuit Protection Example

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Circuit Protection Example

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Circuit Interrupting Devices

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Figure: Typical Fuses

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Circuit Breaker Protective Relays

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Circuit Breaker Protective Relays

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Circuit Breaker Protective Relays

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Circuit Breaker Protective Relays

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Circuit Breaker Protective Relays

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Circuit Breaker Protective Relays

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Circuit Interrupting Devices

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Circuit Interrupting Devices

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Resetting Overload Devices

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Circuit Interrupting Devices

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Transfer and Disconnect Switches

Provide flexibility within an electrical distribution system

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Figure: Typical Disconnect Switch

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Disconnect Switch Design & Operation

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Disconnect Switch Design & Operation

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Disconnect Switch Design & Operation

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Disconnect Switch Design & Operation

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Transfer and Disconnect Switches

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Transfer and Disconnect Switches

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Safety and Equipment Protection

Personnel should always observe electrical safety precautions and

Operator Generic Fundamentals

Safety and Equipment Protection

Ensure circuit breaker is open

Always strip loads prior to reenergizing a dead bus