Lecture 67 RM Shear Walls 1211797678994074 9

Reinforced Masonry
Working Stress Design of flexural members

strain
stress
fm
Cm = fmb kd/2
kd
d
n.a.
s
grout
unit
As
fs/n
Ts = Asfs
As
bd
Ref: NCMA TEK 14-2 Reinforced Concrete Masonry

BIA Tech. Note 17 Reinforced Brick Masonry - Part I
BIA Tech. Note 17A Reinforced Brick Masonry - Materials and Construction
Masonry Structures, slide 1
Reinforced Masonry
Assumptions
1. plane sections remain plane after bending
(shear deformations are neglected, strain distribution is linear with depth)
2. neglect all masonry in tension
3. stress-strain relation for masonry is linear in compression
4. stress-strain relation for steel is linear
5. perfect bond between reinforcement and grout
(strain in grout is equal to strain in adjacent reinforcement)
6. masonry units and grout have same properties
from Assumption #5, at any particular fiber : si mi
from Assumption s #3 and #4 :
f si f mi
E s Em
from geometry of stress distributi on :
Es
f mi nf mi
Em
fm
f n
1 k
s
f s nf m
kd d kd
k
f si
Reinforced Masonry
from equilibrium, C T :
f m bkd
1k
As f s bd f s bd n f m
2
k
1 k
k / 2 n
k 2 2 nk 2 n 0
k
from equilibrium: M about C m 0
M s As f s jd bd 2 jf s
where jd=d-kd/3 or j=1-k/3
If fs=Fs then moment capacity will be limited by reinforcement.

Allowable reinforcement tensile stress per MSJC Sec.2.3.2:
Fs=20 ksi for Grades 40 or 50; Fs=24 ksi for Grade 60
Fs=30 ksi for wire joint reinforcement
Allowable reinforcement tensile stress per UBC Sec.2107.2.11 :

Fs= 0.5fy < 24 ksi for deformed bars; Fs= 0.5fy < 30 ksi for wire reinforcement
Fs= 0.4fy < 20 ksi for ties, anchors, and smooth bars
Reinforced Masonry
from equilibrium:
M about T
M m 0.5 f m bkdjd 0.5 f m jkbd 2

If fm= Fb then moment capacity will be limited by masonry.
UBC 2107.2.6 & MSJC Sec.2.3.3.2:
Fb=0.33f m
Reinforced Masonry
WSD: Balanced Condition
f m = Fb
kbd
Definition:
The balanced condition occurs

when the extreme fiber stress in the masonry is
equal to the allowable compressive stress, Fb,
and the tensile stress in the reinforcement is
equal to the allowable tensile stress, Fs.
C = fmb kd/2
T = As fs
fs/n = Fs /n
For any section and materials, only one unique amount of balanced
reinforcement exists.
Although balanced condition is purely hypothetical case, it is useful because
it alerts the engineer to whether the reinforcement or the masonry stress will
govern the design. Balanced stresses are not a design objective.
Reinforced Masonry
WSD: Balanced Condition
from geometry:
fm = Fb
kbd
d
Fb
kb d
kb =
fs/n = Fs /n
kb =
Fb +
Fs
n
d
Fb
Fb +
Fs
n
n
n + Fs /Fb
from equilibrium: C=T

d
b b d Fs
2
Fk
F
n
b b b b
2 Fs 2 Fs ( n Fs )
Fb
Fb b kb
n
b
F
/
F
s
b
2
F
/
F
s b
Example: Balanced Condition

Determine the ratio of reinforcement that will result in a balanced condition per UBC.
Given: fm = 2000 psi and Grade 60 reinforcement
Fb = 0.33 f'm = 667 psi
Fs = 24 ksi for Grade 60 reinforcement
E m = 750 f'm = 1500 ksi
E s 29,000 ksi
n =
E s 29,000
=
= 19.3
Em
1500
19.3
1
b
= 0.48%
19
.
3
+
24/0.667
2
x24/0.667
Design Strategy for RM Flexural Design

Procedure for sizing section and reinforcement for given moment.
Calculate b knowing f m and fy
determine Fb from f m
determine Fs from fy
determine Emfrom f m
determine n = Es/Em
Size section for some b
determine k and j
bd2 = M/jFs
select b and d using common units
Size reinforcement
As = M/Fsjd
select number and size of rebars
Note: Section must also be

sized for shear.
Check design
Ms = AsFsjd > M
fb = M/0.5jkbd2 < Fb
Example: Reinforced Masonry

Design a beam section for a moment equal to 370 kip-in. Prisms have been
tested and fm is specified at 2000 psi. Use Grade 60 reinforcement and 8
CMUs.
1. From previous example, b 0.48%
2. Estimate to be slightly lower than so steel will govern.

b
A good estimate is 0.4%
3. Solve for k :
k 2 2 nk 2 n 0
2 n 2( 0.004 )( 19.3 ) 0.154

k 2 0.154 k 0.154 0
k 0.323 j 1 k / 3 0.892
4. Solve for bd 2 :
bd 2 M / j Fs
bd 2 ( 370 kip in ) /( 0.004 )( 0.892 )24 ksi ) 4321 in3
Example: Reinforced Masonry

5. Select dimensions of beam using 8 CMUs:
b = 7.63
dreqd = [4321 / 7.63]0.5 = 23.8
use four units and center bars in bottom
unit, d = 27.8
6. Estimate amount of reinforcement :
As req' d M / Fs j d
4 - 8 CMUs
d=27.8
7.63
As req' d (370 kip - in) / (24 ksi) (0.892) (27.8) 0.62 in 2 use 2 #5' s (0.62 in 2 )
7 . Check design:
s bd 062in 2 763" 278" 000292
k 2 2 nk 2 n0 k0284 j10284 30905
s s Fs j d 062in 2 24ksi 0905 278" 374kip in. 370 kip in. OK
f m 05 j k d 2
370kip in x1000
488 psi 667 psi ok
2
05 0905 0284 763" 278"
Flexural Capacity of Partially Grouted Masonry

Case A: neutral axis in flange
tf
* per MSJC Sec. 2.3.3.3
b = 6t or 72 or s*
kd
flange
b
As
neutral
axis
As per width b
If neutral axis is in flange, cracked section is the same as a solid rectangular
section with width b. Therefore, depth to neutral axis from extreme
compression fiber may be calculated using:
k 2 2 nk 2 n 0
As
bd
If kd < tf assumption is valid, determine moment capacity as for rectangular section.

If kd > tf assumption is not valid, need to consider web portion.
Shear Design of Reinforced Masonry

s
Cm
Vm
Vs Vext.
Viy
R
Vd
Asfs
Basic shear mechanisms:

before cracking: Vext = Vint = Vm + Vd + Viy + Vs
Once diagonal crack forms:
Vm reduces
dowel action invoked
flexural stresses increase

fsa is related to Mb
Presence of shear reinforcement will:
restrict crack growth

help dowel action
resist tensile stress
after cracking:
Vext = Vint = Vs = nAvfs
where n is the number of transverse

bars across the diagonal crack.
Assuming a 45 degree slope, n=d/s
Vs = (d/s)Avfs
Av Vs Vs
s df s dFs
UBC Sec. 2107.2.17 (Eq. 7.38)

MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.3 (Eq. 2-26)
Shear Design of Reinforced Masomry

Flexural shear stress
dx
C + dC
M + dM
na
jd
T + dT
fvbdx
T + dT
fvb dx = dT = dM/jd
fv = (dM/dx)/bjd
V
fv
UBC Sec. 2107.2.17 (Eq. 7-38)
bjd
V
fv
bd MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.2.1 (Eq. 2-19)

Allowable shear stresses for flexural members per UBC and MSJC
UBC Sec. 2107.2.8.A and MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.2.2(a):

members with no shear reinforcement
Fv 1.0
f'm 50 psi
UBC Eq. 7-17; MSJC Eq. 2-20
UBC Sec. 2107.2.8.B and MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.2.3(a):

members with shear reinforcement designed to take the entire shear
Fv 3.0 f'm 150 psi

Allowable shear stresses for shear walls per UBC and MSJC
UBC Sec. 2107.2.9.i and MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.2.2(b):
walls with in-plane flexural reinforcement and no shear reinforcement
for
M
1
Vd
for
M
1
Vd
1
M
M
F v ( 4 ) f 'm ( 80 45 ) psi
3
Vd
Vd
F v 1.0 f 'm 35 psi

UBC Sec. 2107.2.9.ii and MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.2.3(b):

walls with in-plane flexural reinforcement and shear reinforcement designed
to take 100% of shear
for
M
1
Vd
1
M
M
Fv (4
) f'm ( 120 45
)psi
2
Vd
Vd
for
M
1
Vd
F v 1.5 f 'm 75 psi h


Moment-to-Shear Ratios
For a single-story
cantilevered shear walls
For piers between openings

M
M Vh h
Vd Vd d
M Vh / 2 h
Vd
Vd
2d

Additional MSJC Requirements
MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.3.1
smax = d/2 or 48
MSJC Sec. 2.3.3.4.2
minimum reinforcement perpendicular to shear reinforcement = Av/3
smax = 8 ft
MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.5
design for shear force at distance d/2 out from support
Vdesign
Vdesign
d/2

Shear Design Strategy for Reinforced Sections
Start
Determine Fv Assuming Shear
Reinforcement to take 100% of Shear
Determine Flexural Tension Stress

ft= -P/A+Mc/I
consider as no
is ft>Ft?
unreinforced
no
is fv<Fv?
yes
yes
Determine Maximum Design Shear

Determine Shear Stress
V
V
fv
or
bjd bd
Determine Fv Assuming No Shear
Reinforcement
Resize
Section
Provide Reinforcement to Take

100% of Shear
Av
V
s
s
dFs
no
yes
is fv<Fv?
End
Example: Design of RM Shear Wall

Determine the maximum lateral force, Hwind per UBC and MSJC
6-8
120 psi
8 CMU wall
Type S - PCL mortar
solidly grouted fm=3000 psi
#4 @ 32
8-0
2 - #8s each end of wall
6-4
Case A:
Case B:
Case C:
Case D:
neglect all reinforcement

consider vertical reinf., neglect horizontal reinf.
consider vertical and horizontal reinf.
design horizontal reinforcement for max. shear

Case A: neglect all reinforcement
per UBC:
7.63 80 2
Sg
8139 in3
6
flexure
M
96 H
- fa Ft
120
40 x 1.33 H 14 ,684 lbs . 14.7 kips
S
8139
shear
Fv [ 34 psi 0.2 fa dead ] x 1.33 [ 34 0.2 ( 120 )] x 1.33 77.1 psi
Vmax Ae Fv ( 7.63 x 80.0 )(
per MSJC:
flexure
- fa M / S Ft
shear
77.1 psi
) 47.1 kips
1000
120
96 H
0
8139
H 10 ,174 lbs . 10.2 kips
Fv 60 0.45( 120 ) 114 psi 1.5 f'm 82.2 psi

Fv 1.33 82.2 psi 109 psi
2
2
Vmax Fv bt ( 109 psi )( 7.63 x 80 ) 44.3 kips
3
3

Case B: consider only vertical reinforcement
Flexure by UBC or MSJC: neglecting fa
Ms = AsFsjd = 2 x 0.79 in2 (1.33 x 24 ksi) (0.9 x 72.0) = 3268 k-in
lumping 2 - #8s
Hwind = 34.0 kips
ave. d for 2 bars
Shear per UBC Sec.2107.2.9 or MSJC Sec.2.3.5.2

M/Vd
for
8.0'
1.33 1
6.0'
M
1 Fv 1.0 f 'm 35 psi Fv 1.33 x 35 psi 46.6 psi
Vd
for UBC Vmax bjdFv ( 7.63" )( 0.9 )( 72" )( 46.6 psi ) / 1000 23.0 kips governs
for MSJC Vmax bdFv ( 7.63" )( 72" )( 46.6 psi ) / 1000 25.6 kips governs

Case C: consider all reinforcement
Flexure by UBC or MSJC: same as case B
Shear per UBC Sec. 2107.2.17 or MSJC Sec.2.3.5.3
Vmax= Vs=(Av/s)Fsd = (0.20 in2/32)(24 ksi x 1.33)(72) = 14.4 kips governs
Overall shear per UBC Sec. 2107.2.9.C or MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.2.3 (b)
for
M
> 1 Fv = 1.5 f'm 75 psi Fv = 1.5 3000 = 82.2 psi > 75 psi
Vd
Fv = 1.33 x 75 psi = 100 psi
UBC f v
V
(14.4 kips x 1000)
30.7 psi 100 psi okay

bjd
(7.63)( 0 .9 )(72)
MSJC f v
V (14.4 kips x 1000)
27.7 psi 100 psi okay

bd
(7.63)(72)

Case D: design horizontal reinforcement for maximum shear strength
Vmax Fv bjd ( 100 psi)( 7 .63 )( 0 .9 )( 72 )/ 1000 49 .4 kips 34 kips okay governs
Av /S Vmax /Fs d 49 .4 kips/( 1.33 x 24 ksi)( 72 ) 0 .0215 in 2 per in.
u sin g # 4 rebars (Av 0 .20 in 2 ) s 0 .20 / 0 .0215 9 .3" use # 4 @ 8 in. horizontal
Summary: Hmax, kips

Case
Consideration
UBC
MSJC
NoNo
steel
steel
14.7*
14.7*
vertical steel
vertical steel
no horizontal steel
no horizontal steel
10.2
10.2*
*
24.3
23.0
25.6
27.0
vertical steel and

vertical steel and
#4 @ 32 horizontal steel
#4 @ 32 horizontal steel
15.2
14.4
14.4
15.2
horizontal
#4#4
@@
88
horizontal
34.0*
34.0*
34.0*
34.0
*
*flexure governs
Flexural Bond Stress

M = Tjd
M + dM = (T + dT)jd
dM = dT jd
dT = dM/jd
dx
C + dC
C
M
jd
dx
T
T + dT
U = bond force per unit length for group of bars

U dx = dT = dM/jd
U = (dM/dx)/jd = V/jd
U
u = flexural bond stress =
M + dM
where sum of perimeters of all bars in group
dx
U
T
dx
T + dT
jd
UBC Sec. 2107.2.16 Eq. 7-36
allowable bond stress per UBC Sec.2107.2.2.4:

60 psi for plain bars
200 psi for deformed bars
100 psi for deformed bars w/o inspection
Development Length
udb
As fs
db
ld
As fs udb ld
2
d b
fs udb ld
4
fs db
ld
0.002 db fs for u 125 psi UBC Sec. 2107.2.2.3 Eq.7 - 9
4u
ld 0.0015 db Fs for u 167 psi MSJC Sec . 2.1.8.2 Eq . 2 8
Embedment of Flexural Reinforcement

UBC Sec. 2106.3.4 and MSJC Sec.2.1. 8.3
Rule #1: extend bars a distance of d or 12db past the theoretical cutoff point
bars a
Rule #2: extend bars a distance of ld past the point of maximum stress
Example for shear wall:
bars b
(#1)
d or 12db
(#2)
> ld
Moment Diagram
theoretical cutoff point

capacity with bars a
(#2)
> ld
moment capacity
with bars a and b
Combined Bending and Axial Loads

Code Requirements
UBC Sec. 2107.1.6.3
use unity formula to check compressive stress:
UBC Sec. 2107.1.6.1
fa fb
1.0
Fa Fb
UBC Sec. 2107.2.15
Note: unity formula is conservative better approach is to use P-M

interaction diagram.
fb
A s fs
fa = P/Ae
M
2 jkbd 2
( Eq .7 31 )
kd
jd
UBC Sec. 2.14.2

if h/t >30 then analysis should consider effects of deflections on moments
MSJC Sec. 2.3.3.2.2
fa + fb < 1/3 fm provided that fa < Fa
In lieu of approximate method, use an axial-force moment interaction diagram.

Axial Force-Moment Interaction Diagrams

General Assumptions
1. plane sections remain plane after bending
shear deformations neglected
strain distribution linear with depth
2. neglect all masonry in tension
3. neglect steel in compression unless tied
4. stress-strain relation for masonry is linear in compression
5. stress-strain relation for steel is linear
6. perfect bond between reinforcement and grout
strain in grout is equal to strain in adjacent
reinforcement
7. grout properties same as masonry unit properties
Strain
Stress
fm
Cs
P
M
s
Ts=Asfs
Axial Force-Moment Interaction Diagram

Out-of-Plane Bending of Reinforced Wall
Pa
Mb
d = t/2
unit width = b
Range a:
large P, small M, e=M/P < t/6
Pa = 0.5(fm1 + fm2)A
Ma= 0.5(fm1 - fm2)S where S = bt2/6
fm2
fm1
em
Cm

Pb
Mb
unit width = b
d = t/2
Range b
medium P, medium M, e > t/6, As in compression
0.5 < < 1.0 for section with reinforcement at center

em
fm1
em
Cm
t t
2 3
Pb C m
fm 1
tb
2
M b C m em

Pc
Mc
Range c small P, large M, e > t/6, As in tension
d = t/2
unit width = b
< 0.5 for section with reinforcement at

center
t t
em
2 3
f
C m m 1 tb
Pc C m Ts
Ts As fs
2
fm1
em
Cm
f s d t
t
0.5
f
for
d
m1
m1
n t

2
Ts
M c C m em Ts ( d
t
)
2

Range c
Range b
fm1= Fb= fm/3

Reduce fm2 from
2Fa-Fb by
increment
Reduce from
1.0 by increment
Reduce from
0.5 by increment
Determine P & M
per Range a
Determine P and M
per Range b
Determine P and M
per Range c
no
fm2 = 0?
yes
no is As in
tension?
yes
M = 0?
yes
no
fs = Fs
fm1 < Fb
yes
no
fs < Fs?
compression controlling
Start
Range a
tension controlling
e=0; M=0
fm1= fm2=Fa
P=Fa A
fs < F s
fm1 = Fb
Stop

fm1 = Fb
Fb
fm2 = 2Fa - Fb
fm1 = Fa
Fa
Range a
Fb
yu
yf
la
mu
or
fs/n
Fs/n
Fb
Fb
balanced point
fs =
Fs
Fs/n
Moment
tension compression
controls controls
ni t
Axial Force
it b
lim
Range b
Fb
Range c
fm
Example: Interaction Diagram

Determine an axial force-moment interaction diagram for a fully grouted 8 block
wall reinforced with #4 @ 16. Prism compressive strength has been determined by
test to be equal to 2500 psi. Reinforcement is Grade 60. Height of wall is 11.5 feet.
Fs 24 ksi for Grade 60
Fa 0.25 f m 625 psi without reduction factor
Fb 0.33f m 833 psi
E m 750 f m 1875 ksi per UBC E s 29,000 ksi
n E s /E m 15.5
per foot of wall : Ag 7.63" x 12" 91.6 in 2 ; S g 12" x 7.63 2 / 6 116 in 3

As / ft 0.20 x 12 / 16 0.150 in 2
0.20 in 2 /( 16 x 3.81" ) 0.0033 n 0.0509 k 0.272 j 0.909

*masonry stress inferred from Fs and f m 1
Tension
Controls
Compression Controls
Range Case
fm1
(psi)
fm2
(psi)
Cm
(kips)
em
(in.)
Ts
P=Cm- Ts
(kips) (kips)
Fs

n 0.5
M=Cm em
(kip-in)
1
2
3
625
833
833
625
417
0
57.2
57.2
38.1
0
1.27
57.2
57.2
38.1
0
24.1
48.4
4
5
833
833
0.75
0.50
28.6
19.1
1.91
2.54
28.6
19.1
54.5
48.5
6
7
8
833
833
833
0.33
0.25
0.167
12.6
9.5
6.4
2.97
3.18
3.39
0.9
2.0
3.9
11.7
7.5
2.5
37.4
30.2
21.5
9
10
11
12
Mm= 0.5Fbjkbd2 = 0.5(833 psi)(0.909)(0.272)(12)(3.81)2 = 17.9
for P = 0:
833 bal.
0.175
6.7
3.37
3.6
3.1
664*
0.150
4.6
3.43
3.6
1.0
check for P = 0:
22.5
15.7
Ms = AsFsjd = (0.15 in2)(24 ksi)(0.909)(3.81) = 12.5

50
40
625
6 833
2 833
7 833
Axial Force
kips
0.33t
30
417
4
0.9k
3 833
2.0 k
0.25t
8 833
3.9 k > AsFs
20
0.167t
4 833
10
12
10
11
10
10 833
.75t
0.175t
11 664
5 833
20
9
3.6 k = AsFs
30
40
50
0.50t
3.6 k = AsFs
0.15t
Moment, kip-in
Flexural Capacity with Axial Compression

Short Cut Method
Out-of-Plane Bending, Reinforcement at Center
fm
kd
Cm
jd
M
fs/n
stress compatibility:
Ts
f s /n
f
k
f
E
m ; fm =
( s ) where n = s
d - kd kd
1-k n
Em
[1]
C m = 0.5 f m bkd
[2]
Ts = As f s = bdf s
[3]
Flexural Capacity with Axial Compression

Short Cut Method
equilibrium:
P = C m - Ts
[4]
P = 0.5 f m bkd - bdf s

f k
P = 0.5 ( s )
bkd - bdf s
n 1-k
P
k2 1
0 .5

bdf s
1 k n
[6]
[7]
if tension controls , f s Fs set
k2 1
a 0.5

(1 k) n
1 k2

2n 1 k
[5]
P
bdFs
[8]
[9]
[10]
k 2 2 n( )k 2 n( ) 0
[11]
M C m jd 0.5 f m bkjd 2 where j 1 k / 3
[12]
Strength Design of Reinforced Masonry

Ultimate Flexural Strength
stresses
strains
mu
As
c
Cm
n.a.
Mn
d
b
Ts = Asfy
s y
fm
k3fm
fm
k3fm
k2c
c
mu
Cm
klc
k2c
Cm = k1k3fmbc
Note: rectangular stress block can represent

compressive stress distribution if k2/k1 = 0.5

Measuring k1k3 and k2
Po
P1
Po in displacement control
P1 in force control
summing moments about centroid:
P1a = (Po + P1)g
= (Po + P1)(c/2 - k2c)
increase P1
so that =
0
k 2 0.5 -
strain
P1 a
Po P1 c
total compressive force:
Po + P1 = k3fm k1cb
stress
P0+P1
k1 k 3
k2c
k3fm
Po P1
f 'm bc
k1c

Measured k1k3 and k2 values
Sample experimentally determined constants k1k3, and k2
1
0.8
K1K3 & K2
K1K3
0.6
0.4
K2
0.2
0
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
Extreme Fiber Strain (in/in)

Ultimate Flexural Strength
equilibrium
C m Ts 0
k1 k 3 f 'm bc As f y bd f y
fs
fy
df y
c
k 1 k 3 f 'm
summing moments about Cm
M n As f y ( d k 2 c )
df y
)
k1 k 3 f 'm
f y
M n As f y d ( 1 k 2
)
k1 k 3 f 'm
M n As f y ( d k 2
if
k2
0.5 and k 3 0.85 then :
k1
M n As f y d ( 1 0.59
fy
f 'm

Balanced condition with single layer of reinforcement
strains
stresses
mu
k1c
equilibrium
n.a.
s y
Cm
strain compatibility
mu
c
mu
or c
d
mu y
d
mu y
C m Ts 0
Mn
k1 k 3 f 'm b
Ts= Asfy
if k 3 0.85 mu 0.003 y
fy
Es
mu
d b bdf y
mu y
k1 k 3 f 'm mu
fy
mu y
E s 29 ,000 ,000 psi :
k1 ( 0.85 ) f ' m
0.85 k1 f 'm 87 ,000
0.003
fy
0.003 f y / E s
fy
87 ,000 f y

Balanced condition with single layer of reinforcement
0.85 k 1 f 'm 87 ,000

fy
87 ,000 f y
fm
tb As / bt for one layer of steel t 2 d
Grade 40
b
k1 0.85
Grade 60
tb
tb
1000
2000
3000
4000
0.0124
0.0247
0.0371
0.0495
0.0062
0.0124
0.0186
0.0247
0.0071
0.0143
0.0214
0.0285
0.0036
0.0072
0.0107
0.0142
5000
6000
0.0619
0.0742
0.0309
0.0371
0.0356
0.0178
0.0428
0.0214

Balanced condition with multiple layers of reinforcement
d2
c
d4
strains
stresses
mu
s1
0.85fm
d1
s2
d3
s3
Asbal
d
si mu ( i )( mu sy )
d4
s4 y
mu
d
mu y
60 ksi
0 .00207 (Grade 60)
29,000 ksi
if mu 0.003 , then c 0 .592 d
Cs1
Cm=0.85f mb(0.85c)
Cs2
0.85c
Ts3
Ts4 = Asbal fy
equilibrium
f si E s si f y
C si or Tsi Asbal i f si
C m ( C si Tsi ) 0
0.428 f 'm bd Asbal f si 0
solve for Asbal
Example: Flexural Strength of In-Plane Wall

Determine the maximum bar size that can be placed as shown.
Maximum steel is equal to one-half of that resulting in balanced conditions.
fm= 1500 psi
Grade 60 reinforcement
special inspection
7.63
0.003
Cm = 0.85f mb(0.85c)
c
s 2
Cs2
60.0
44.0
5-4
Cs1
20.0
4.0
s1
0.85fm
Pn = 0
n.a.
s 3
Ts3
Asbal ?
s y 0.00207
Ts4 = Asbal fy

Determine the maximum bar size.
c = 0.003/0.00507 (60.0) = 35.5
Cm = 0.85fmb(0.85c) = -0.85(1500)(7.63)(0.85 x 35.5) = -294 k
c d1
( 0.003 )
c
f si E s si f y
si
layer
di
fsi
4.0
-0.00261 (C)
-60.0
20.0
-0.00131 (C)
-38.0
44.0
0.00072 (T)
20.8
60.0
0.00207 (T)
60.0
without compression steel (neglect Cs1 andCs2 forces)

Cm + (Csi + Tsi) = -294 + Asbal (20.8+ 60.0) = 0
Asbal = 3.64 in2 Asmax = 1.82 in2
max. bar size is #ll (1.56 in2)*
*bars larger than #9 are not recommended because of anchorage and detailing problems
with compression steel (include Cs1 and Cs2 forces)

Cm + (Csi + Tsi) = -294 + Asbal (-60.0 - 38.0 + 20.8 + 60.0) = 0
Asbal = -17.1 in2
note: negative Asbal means that C > T , in such case no limit on tensile reinforcement

Determine flexural strength of wall.
fm= 1500 psi
Grade 60 reinforcement
special inspection
0.85f m
0.003
4.0
20.0
s1
n.a.
s2
60.0
44.0
5-4
Cm = 0.85f mb(0.85c)
s 3
s y
7.63
Cs1
#8 (typ)
Ts2
Ts3
Ts4 = As fy
= 0.79 in2 x 60 ksi = 47.4 k

Determine flexural strength of wall.
c di
( 0.003 )
c
i
c
d1 = 4.0
f1
Csl
f si E s si f y
compress ive strains (-)

d2 = 20.0
2
f2 Ts2
d3 = 44.0
f3 Ts3
C m 8.27 c
Cm
( C T )
-165
-117.6
0.00360
47.4
60.0
29.0
22.9 0.00580
60.0
47.4 -124
-54
0.00245
60.0
47.4 0.00900
60.0
47.4 -91
+7.5
0.00222
60.0
47.4 0.00848 60.0 47.4
-95
+2.3
20.0
-0.00240 -60
-47.4
15.0
-0.00220 -60
-47.4 0.00100
11.0
-0.00191 -55
-43.7
11.5
-0.00196 -56
-44.8
close to zero, take c = 11.5

0.85 c
M n { Asi f si ( d i
)}
2
( 44.8 )( 4.00 4.89 ) ( 47.4 )( 20.0 4.89 ) ( 47.4 )( 44.0 4.89 )
( 47.4 )( 60.0 4.89 ) 5 ,222 kip in

Approximate flexural strength of wall.
neglecting C sl and Ts 2 , and lumping As 3 and As 4
5-4
( 60 44 )
52.0"
2
M n As f y d ( 1 0.59
fy
f 'm
2 0.79
0.00398
7.63 52
2( 0.79 in 2 )( 60 )( 52.0 )( 1 0.59 x 0.00398 x

4 ,467 kip in
60
)
1.50
86% of answer
#8 (typ)
7.63
Slender Wall Design

Limitations of Method:
UBC Sec. 2108.2.4
(a) for out-of-plane bending of solid, reinforced walls lightly stressed under gravity loads
(b) limited to:
Pw P f
Ag
0 .04 f'm ( 8 19 ) Sec.210 8 .2 .4 .4
Note : when 0.04f'm
Pw Pf
Ag
where
f'm 6000 psi
0.20f'm , method still can be used providing that
h'
30
t
(c) g= As/bt < 0.5 bal

(d) special inspection must be provided during construction
(e) t > 6
Sec. 2108.1.3: Load factors

U 1.4 D 1.7 L
U 1.4( D L E )
U 0.75( 1.4 D 1.7 L 1.7 W )
U 0.9 D 1.4 E
U 0.9 D 1.3W
Ref: NCMA TEK 14-11A Strength Design of Tall Concrete Masonry Walls
Slender Wall Design

Required Flexural Strength: UBC Sec. 2108.2.4.4
e
eccentric transverse
load
load
Puf
Pufe
t
h/2
Puw
wu
Pufe/2
(Puw + Puf) u
wuh2/8
h/2
Pu Puf Puw
w u h 2 Puf e
Mu
( Puw Puf )u
8
2
( 8 20 )
Slender Wall Design

Design Considerations
Design strength: Sec. 2108.2.4.4
Mu Mn
(8 - 22)
Strength reduction factor:

flexure = 0.8 Sec. 2108.1.4.2.1
Assumptions for ultimate flexural strength (Sec. 2108.2.1.2)
1. equilibrium
2. strain compatibility
3. mu = 0.003
4. fs = Es s < fy
5. neglect masonry strength in tension
6. rectangular stress block, k1 = 0.85, k3 = 0.85
Slender Wall Design

Equivalent area of reinforcement, Ae
for single wythe construction reinforced at center:

d
As
a = 0.85c
b
0.85fm
Ts = Asfy
d
c
Cm
Cm =0.85fmb(0.85c)
Ts = Asfy
Pu
Pu
Pu = Cm - Asfy
Cm = Pu + Asfy= Asefy
Ase
( Pu As f y )
fy
Eq. (8-24)
flexural strength
( Pu As f y )
a
M n Ase f y ( d ) Eq. (8 - 23) where a
Eq. (8 - 25)
2
0.85 f 'm b
Slender Wall Design

Lateral Deflections
5 wh 4 5 wh 2 h 2
5 Mh 2
384 EI 48 8 EI 48 EI
M
My
Ms
Mcr
for Ms < Mcr
5 M s h2
s
48 E m I g
for Ms > Mcr
5 M cr h 2
5 ( M s M cr )h 2
s
48 E m I g
48
E m I cr
(8-28)
(8-29)
b( kd )3
where I cr nAse ( d kd )
3
2
cr
Mcr = fr S
(note kd may be replaced by c for simplicity)
Modulus of Rupture, fr
Eqs. 8-31, 32, 33
fully grouted
partially grouted
hollow unit
4.0 f'm 235 psi
2.5 f ' m 125 psi
2-wythe brick
2.5 f ' m 125 psi
not allowed
Slender Wall Design

Design Considerations
Serviceability Criteria
s 0.007 h
( 8 27 )
Strength Criteria
wu h 2 Puf e
Mu
( Puw Puf )u
8
2
5 M cr h 2 5 ( M u M cr )h 2
u
48 E m I g 48
E m I cr
Example: Slender Wall Design

Determine the maximum wind load, w, per UBC and MSJC
3-0
3.5
500 lbs/ft dead

200 lbs/ft live
8 CMU, partially grouted

fm = 2000 psi, Grade 60
e 3 .50"
7 .63"
7 .31"
2
12"
in 2
As 0 .20 in (
) 0 .075
32"
ft
#4 @ 32
20-0
As
0 .075
1
1
0 .000164 bal ( 0 .0143 ) 0 .0072 ok

bd
12 3 .81
2
2

Flexural Strength per UBC
U = 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7W)
w u h 2 Puf e
Mu
( Puw Puf )u
8
2
Pu Puf Puw
M n Ase f y ( d
a
)
2
Puf 0.75( 1.4 x 500 1.7 x 200 ) 780 lbs .

Puw 0.75 ( 1.4 x 64 psf x 13' ) 874 lbs .
Pu 1654 lbs .
( Pu As f y ) ( 1.65 kips 0.075 x 60 ksi )
0.103 in 2
fy
60 ksi
( Pu As f y )
0.103 ( 60 )
a
0.302"
0.85 f 'm b
( 0.85 x 2.0 ksi x 12" )
Ase
0.302"
0.355" 1.2" neutral axis within face shell, treat as rectangular section
0.85
Mu= Mn = Asefy(d - a/2)=0.8(0.103in2)(60ksi)(3.81in - 0.302in/2)=18.1 kip-in

Flexural Strength per UBC
E m 750 f 'm 1500 ksi
E s 29 ,000
19.3
Em
1500
bc 3
12( 0.355" )3
2
2
I cr nAse ( d c )
19.3 0.103 in ( 3.81 0.355 )
23.9 in 4
3
3
2
2
2
5 M cr h
5 ( M u M cr )h
48 Em I g 48
Em I cr
M cr f r S g
f r 2.5( f 'm ) 112 psi

0.5
for simplicity, use gross section

even though partially grouted
12" x7.63 2
M cr 0.112 ksi (
) 13.1 k in .
6
to avoid iteration, assume Mmax = Mu
5 ( 13.1 )( 20 x 12 )2
5 ( 18.1 13.1 )( 20 x 12 )2
u
0.118" 0.837" 0.955"

48 ( 1500 )( 444 )
48
( 1500 )( 23.9 )
wu ( 20' )2 0.780 ( 7.31" / 2 )

0.955
Mu
( 1.654 )(
) 18.1 k in . / 12"
8
12
12
ws
wu=22.7 psf
wu
17.8 psf
0.75 x 1.7

Check Service Load Deflections per UBC
s 0.007 h
5 M cr h 2
5 ( M s M cr )h 2
s
48 E m I g
48
E m I cr
w s h2
Ms
Po e / 2 ( Pw Po ) s
8
( 17.8 psf )( 20 )2
700 ( 7.31" )
x
12
1532 s 13 ,239 1532 s
8
2
( lb . in .)
5 ( 13.239 1.532 s 13.1 )( 20 x 12 )2

s
0.118"
48
( 1 ,500 )( 23.9 )
s 0.19" 0.007 h 0.007 20' x 12 ) 1.68" ok

Maximum Wind Load per MSJC
d = 3.82
1.25
Ms
wsh
P e
os ( Pws Pos )s
8
2
w s ( 20' )2
x 12 700 lbs ( 3.66" ) ( 1532 lbs ) s

8
600 w s 2562 lb in . 1532 s
#4 @ 32
Determine Icr considering axial compression

k 2 2 n( )k 2 n( ) 0
n 19.3
0.075 in 2
0.00164
12" 3.82"
k 2 0.0104 k 0.0104 0
I cr
P
1.532 k
0.00104
bdFs 12" 3 .82" 32 ksi
k 0.275
kd 1.05" face shell thickness, ok
k
j 1 0.908 jd 3.47"
3
b( kd )3
12" ( 1.05" )3
nAs ( d kd )2
19.3( 0.075 in 2 )( 3.82" 1.05" )2 15.7 in 4
3
3

Maximum Wind Load per MSJC
M s As Fs ( Pws Pos ) jd [( 0.075 32 ksi) 1.532 ] 3.47" 13.64 kip - in
0.600 w s 2.56 kip - in . 1.532 s 13.64 kip - in
w s 18.47 2.55 s
( w s is in psf)
5 M cr h 2 5 ( M s M cr )h 2
s
48 E m I g 48
E m I cr
5 ( 0.600 w s 2.56 kip - in . 1.532 s 13.1 )( 20 12 )2
s 0.118"
48
( 1500 ksi)(15.7 in 4 )
s 0.118" 0.153 w s 0.652 0.390 s 3.34

s 0.251 w s 4.21
w s 18.47 2.55 s ( 0.251 w s 4.21 )
w s 17.8 psf
Note: same wind load as by UBC slender wall design procedure.

Should also check compressive stress with an axial force-moment interaction diagram
Strength Design of RM Shear Walls

UBC Requirements
UBC Sec. 2108.1.1: Strength procedure may be used as an alternative to Sec. 2107 for
design of reinforced hollow-unit masonry walls.
UBC Sec. 2108.1.2: Special inspection must be provided during construction. Prisms
should be tested or unit strength method should be used.
UBC Sec.2108.1.3: Shear wall design procedure
1. Required strength
A. earthquake loading:
B. gravity loading:
C. wind loading:
D. earth pressure:
2. Design strength
A. axial load and flexure
B. shear
U = 1.4 (D+L+E)
U = 0.9D + - 1.4E
U = 1.4D + 1.7E
U = 0.75(1.4D + 1.7 L + 1.7W)
U = 0.9D + - 1.3W
U = 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7H
(12-1)
(12-2)
(12-3)
(12-4)
(12-5)
(12-6)
0.65 for Pn 0.1 f 'm Ae or Pn 0.25 Pb (see next slide)

0.85 for Pn 0
0.60 for shear limit state
0.80 for flexure limit state

Definition of Balanced Axial Load, Pb
mu
0.85fm
Cs1
ab 0.85 c
Cm = 0.85fmbab
Cs2
Lw
n.a.
s y 0.00207
Pb
Ts3
Ts4 = Asbalfy
assume C si Tsi so Pb C m
for solidly grouted walls : Pb 0.85 f 'm bab
where ab 0.85
e mu
( e mu
fy
Es
d
)

UBC Requirements
3. Design assumptions (same as for Slender Wall Design Procedure, UBC Sec. 2108.2.1.2)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
equilibrium
mu= 0.003
f s = E s s < fy
neglect masonry tensile strength
use rectangular stress block, k1 = 0.85, k3 = 0.85
1500 psi < fm < 4000 psi

UBC Requirements
4. Reinforcement per UBC Sec. 2108.2.5.2
1. minimum reinforcement
v h 0.002
v and h 0.0007
spacing 4' 0"
Mn > Mcr
ductile
M
Mcr
Mn < Mcr
nonductile
2. for flexural failure mode

Mn > = 1.8 Mcr for fully grouted wall
Mn > = 3.0 Mcr for partially grouted wall
3. anchor all continuous reinforcement

4. As vertical > 1/2 As horizontal
5. maximum spacing of horizontal reinforcement within plastic hinge region = 3t or 24
5. Axial strength (no flexure)
Po = 0.85 fm(Ac-As) + fyAs
Pu < = (0.80)Po

UBC Requirements
6. Shear Strength UBC Sec. 2108.2.5.5
1. maximum nominal shear:
Vn 6.0 Ae
4.0 Ae
M
0.25
Vd
M
f 'm 250 Ae for
1.0
Vd
f 'm 380 Ae for
(Table 21 - J )
2. for walls limited by shear strength:

Vn Vm V s
where Vm C d Amv
and
C d 2.4 for
f 'm
(8 - 37)
M
0.25
Vd
M
1.2 for
1.0
Vd
(Table 21 - K)
Amv
Lw
Vu
Amv = net area of masonry
wall section bounded by
wall thickness and length of
section in direction of shear

UBC Requirements
t
6. Shear Strength UBC Sec. 2108.2.5.5.2 (continued)
Vs Amv n f y
(8 38)
Avertical plane
where n As horizontal / Avertical plane

Vs Amv (
Vs Lw t (
As horizontal
Avertical plane
As horizontal
ht
) fy
As horizontal
L
) f y w ( As horizontal ) f y
h
Lw
Lw
A s fy
Lw
A s fy
As fy

UBC Requirements
6. Shear Strength UBC Sec. 2108.2.5.5: continued
3. for walls limited by flexural strength:
within hinge region, distance of Lw above base:
Vn Vs Am n f y
(8 39)
(Vu determined at Lw/2 from base)

above hinge region:
Vn Vm Vs

UBC Requirements
Boundary Members: Sec.2108.2.5.6
1. Provide boundary members when the extreme fiber strain exceeds 0.0015.
2. The minimum length of boundary members shall be 3t.
3. Boundary members shall be confined with a minimum of #3 bars @ 8
spacing, or equivalent confinement to develop an ultimate compressive masonry
strain equal to 0.006.
#3 @ 8
min.
wall
centroid
> 3t
mu > 0.0015
0.0015
Section at Base of Wall

Example: Strength Design

Determine the maximum wind force, H, and design horizontal
reinforcement to develop the wall flexural strength.
5-4
Consider: zero vertical load and

Pdead = 40 kips and Plive = 30 kips
8 concrete block, fully grouted
Grade 60 reinforcement , f m= 1500 psi
10-8
from previous example:
M n 5 ,222 kip in.

M u M n 0 .85 ( 5 ,222 ) 4 ,439 kip in.
check cracking moment per Eq. 8 - 30
M cr f r S g
f r 4.0 f'm 235 psi
7.63
f r 4.0 1500 155 psi
4 - #8s
M
64 2
M cr ( 0.155 ksi)(7.63
) 807 kip - in n ok
6
1.8
Mu
H
if flexure limit state exists : H u
34.7 kips H u 26.7 kips
128"
1. 3
Shear Reinforcement (neglecting vertical force)
U = 1.3W
shear design within Lw (5-4) of base:

L
Vn Vs Amv n f y ( w ) As horiz f y ( 0.5 ) As horiz ( 60 ksi)
h
Vu H u 34.7 kips Vn 0.80[(0.5) (Ahoriz ) (60 ksi)]
As horiz 1.45 in 2 smax 24" use #4' s @ 8" for bottom 8 courses
As horiz
provided
8(0.20 in 2 ) 1.60 in 2 1.45 in 2
shear design for top 5-4 of wall:

Vn Vm Vs C d Amv
f'm Am n f y
1.2(7.63 x 64.00) 1500 (

Vu H u 34.7 kips
Lw
)(As horiz )f y 22.7 kips (0.5)(As horiz )(60 ksi)
h
Vn 0.80[22.7 (0.5)(As horiz )(60 ksi)]

As horiz 0.69 in 2
As horiz
provided
smax 48"
use #4' s @ 16" for top 8 courses
4(0.20 in 2 ) 0.80 in 2 0.69 in 2
Example:Shear Wall Strength Design

Confinement Reinforcement (neglecting vertical force)
Confinement requirements for vertical reinforcement per Sec. 2108.2.5.6
Mu = 4,439 kip-in.
7.63
5-4
3t > 5.7
#8
#3 @ 8
bottom 8 courses
11.5
0.003
0.0015
5.75
Strain Diagram per Previous Example


Flexural Strength considering Vertical Loads
Case 1: Pu = 0.75(1.4 x 40 + 1.7 x 30) = 80.3 kips perhaps maximum flexural
capacity and critical for shear design
Case 2: Pu = 0.9(40) = 36.0 kips perhaps minimum flexural capacity and lowest Hu
capacity reduction factors
Pb 0.85f'm bab
ab 0.85
mu
mu
fy
d 0.85
0.003
60" 30.2"
0.003 0.00207
Es
Pb 0 .85( 1.5 ksi)( 7 .63")( 30 .2") 294 kips
0 .25 Pb 73 .5 kips
considering reinforcem ent : Pb 294 0 .79 in 2 ( 60 .0 - 36 .0 20 .2 60 .0 ) 306 kips
0.65
Case 1:
Pu 80.3 kips 0.25 Pb 73.5 kips
Case 2:
Pu 36.0 kips 0.25 Pb 73.5 kips 0.65 (
36.0
)0.20 0.75
73.5

c di
( 0.003 )
c
d1 = 4.0
Cs
(ksi)
(kips)
20.0 -0.00240 -60 -47.4
f si E s si f y
d2 = 20.0
f
Ts
(ksi)
d3 = 44.0
f
Cs
(ksi)
Cm
(kips) (kips)
Pn
Mn
(kips)
(kip-in)
0.00360 60.0
47.4 -165
-118
15.0 -0.00220 -60 -47.4 0.00100 29.0
22.9 0.00580 60.0
47.4 -124
-54
6,126
16.8 -0.00229 -60 -47.4 0.00057 16.6
13.1 0.00185 53.8
42.5 -139
-83
6,463
13.1 -0.00208 -60 -47.4 0.00104 30.0
23.7 0.00708 60.0
47.4 -108
-37
5,794
M cl C m (32.0" -
(kips)
C m 8.27 c
6,983
0.85c
) C sl (28.0" ) - Ts2 ( 12.0" ) Ts3 ( 12.0" ) Ts4 ( 28.0" )
2
120
100
80
60
40
6450 kip-in.
Case 1:
140
5820 kip-in.
Axial Compressive Force, kips
80.3 kips
Case 1
Hu
H
5500
6000
Hu
25.7 kips
( 0.75 x 1.7)
governs
Case 2: M u M n 0.75(5820) 4,365 kip - in.
Case 2
36.0 kips
20
M u M n 0.65(6450) 4,192 kip - in.

4,192
Hu
32.7 kips
(10.67 x 12)
6500
Moment, Mn kip-in.
7000
4,365
34.1 kips
(10.67 x 12)
Hu
26.2 kips
1.3
Hu = 34.1 kips (Case 2) ~ 34.7 kips (w/o vertical force).

Use same shear design as for first part of problem.
Mu = 4,365 kip-in. (Case 2) ~ 4,439 kip-in. (w/o vertical force).
Use same boundary members as for first part of problem.

Lecture 67 RM Shear Walls 1211797678994074 9

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Reinforced Masonry

Working Stress Design of flexural members

Ref: NCMA TEK 14-2 Reinforced Concrete Masonry

from geometry of stress distributi on :

Masonry Structures, slide 2

where jd=d-kd/3 or j=1-k/3

If fs=Fs then moment capacity will be limited by reinforcement.

Allowable reinforcement tensile stress per UBC Sec.2107.2.11 :

M m 0.5 f m bkdjd 0.5 f m jkbd 2

Masonry Structures, slide 4

The balanced condition occurs

from equilibrium: C=T

Masonry Structures, slide 6

Example: Balanced Condition

Fs = 24 ksi for Grade 60 reinforcement

E m = 750 f'm = 1500 ksi

Masonry Structures, slide 7

Design Strategy for RM Flexural Design

Note: Section must also be

Example: Reinforced Masonry

2. Estimate to be slightly lower than so steel will govern.

2 n 2( 0.004 )( 19.3 ) 0.154

Example: Reinforced Masonry

Flexural Capacity of Partially Grouted Masonry

* per MSJC Sec. 2.3.3.3

If kd < tf assumption is valid, determine moment capacity as for rectangular section.

Shear Design of Reinforced Masonry

Basic shear mechanisms:

Once diagonal crack forms:

dowel action invoked

flexural stresses increase

Presence of shear reinforcement will:

restrict crack growth

resist tensile stress

Masonry Structures, slide 12

Shear Design of Reinforced Masonry

Vext = Vint = Vs = nAvfs

where n is the number of transverse

UBC Sec. 2107.2.17 (Eq. 7.38)

Masonry Structures, slide 13

Shear Design of Reinforced Masomry

Shear Design of Reinforced Masonry

UBC Sec. 2107.2.8.A and MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.2.2(a):

UBC Eq. 7-17; MSJC Eq. 2-20

UBC Sec. 2107.2.8.B and MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.2.3(a):

Fv 3.0 f'm 150 psi

UBC Eq. 7-18; MSJC Eq. 2-23

Masonry Structures, slide 15

Shear Design of Reinforced Masonry

UBC Eq. 7-19; MSJC Eq. 2-21

UBC Sec. 2107.2.9.ii and MSJC Sec. 2.3.5.2.3(b):

UBC Eq. 7-21; MSJC Eq. 2-24

F v 1.5 f 'm 75 psi h

UBC Eq. 7-22; MSJC Eq. 2-25

Shear Design of Reinforced Masonry

For piers between openings

Shear Design of Reinforced Masonry

Shear Design of Reinforced Masonry

Determine Flexural Tension Stress

Determine Maximum Design Shear

Provide Reinforcement to Take

Example: Design of RM Shear Wall

2 - #8s each end of wall