Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Section Editors
Ariane Marelli (Section Editor) - Montreal, Canada
Luc Beauchesne (Section Editor) Ottawa, Canada
Annie Dore (Section Editor) - Montreal, Canada
Marla Kiess (Section Editor) Vancouver, Canada
Omid Salehian (Section Editor) Hamilton, Canada
Outline
Epidemiology and Scope of the Problem,
Antibiotic prophylaxis, Genetic Evaluation
PART I - Shunts
PART II - Outflow Tract Obstructions,
Ebstein Anomaly and Marfan Syndrome
PART III - D-TGA, L-TGA, Single
Ventricle/Fontan, Eisenmenger Syndrome
PART I
ASD
VSD
AVSD
PDA
Dylan A. Taylor MD FRCPC FACC
Director, Northern Alberta Adult Congenital Heart Clinic
University of Alberta
Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009
PAP > 2/3 SABP or pulmonary arteriolar resistance greater than 2/3
systemic arteriolar resistance
Follow up
Uncomplicated or simple lesions require infrequent clinical &
imaging follow up by a cardiologist familiar with these lesions
closed ASD, restrictive or closed VSD, silent or closed PDA
PART II
Outflow Tract Obstructions
Ebsteins Anomaly
Marfans Syndrome
Marla Kiess, MD, FRCPC, FACC
Director, Pacific Adult Congenital Heart Clinic
Heart Centre
St. Pauls Hospital
Vancouver, BC, Canada
Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009
SUPRAVALVULAR LVOTO
Class I
Operative intervention is recommended for patients
with supravalvular LVOTO with symptoms and/or a
mean echo or a mean catheter gradient of > 50
mmHg or a peak instantaneous echo gradient > 70
mmHg if the obstruction is discrete (Level of
Evidence: C)
Patients who require operation for supravalvar
LVOTO should be operated on by congenital heart
surgeons (Level of Evidence: C)
VALVULAR LVOTO
Class I
Valvular LVOTO requires intervention for symptoms (dyspnea,
angina, presyncope, or syncope) and significant left sided
outflow obstruction (mean echo gradient of >40 mmHg or
aortic valve area <1.0 cm2 or <0.6 cm2/m2). Gradients may
be lower if there is significant LV systolic dysfunction. (Level of
Evidence: C)
Patients with bicuspid aortic valves require intervention for
symptoms and severe regurgitation OR severe aortic
regurgitation with left ventricular end systolic dimensions of
>55 mm, end diastolic diameter >75 mm or left ventricular
ejection fraction < 50% (Level of Evidence: B)
VALVULAR LVOTO
Class I
Aortic root replacement is required for ascending
aortic dissection and should be considered
prophylactically for proximal aortic dilation (> 50 mm)
or progressive dilation of >5 mm/year (Level of
Evidence: B)
Pulmonary autograft (Ross procedure) and balloon
valvuloplasty for valvar LVOTO should be performed
in centres and by physicians with substantial
experience in these procedures (Level of Evidence:
C)
SUBVALVULAR LVOTO
Class I
Intervention is indicated for patients with
subvalvular LVOTO with symptoms and a peak
instantaneous echo gradient of >50 mmHg or a
mean echo gradient of >30 mmHg, or if combined
with progressive aortic regurgitation (Level of
Evidence: C)
Patients who require operation for subvalvar
LVOTO should be operated on by congenital heart
surgeons (Level of Evidence: C)
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
Class I
In patients with sustained ventricular
tachyarrhythmia and/or resuscitated from sudden
cardiac death with no clear identified reversible
cause, ICDs are indicated for secondary prevention.
(Level of Evidence: B)
Patients who require operation for TOF should be
operated on by congenital heart surgeons (Level of
Evidence: C)
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
Class IIa
Following palliative surgery, complete intracardiac repair should
be considered in all patients, in the absence of severe
irreversible pulmonary hypertension or unfavourable anatomy
(inadequate pulmonary arteries). In palliated patients the
following situations particularly warrant complete repair:
Worsening symptoms (Level of Evidence: C)
Cyanosis with erythrocytosis (Level of Evidence: C)
Reduction or absence of the continuous shunt murmur
(suspected shunt stenosis or occlusion) (Level of Evidence: C)
Aneurysm formation in the shunt
Left ventricular dilation due to aortic regurgitation or a residual
shunt (Level of Evidence: C)
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
Class IIa - Re-interventions for Tetralogy of Fallot
The following situations may warrant intervention following repair:
Free pulmonary regurgitation associated with progressive or moderate
to severe RV enlargement (right ventricular end diastolic volume > 170
cc/m2), moderate to severe right ventricular dysfunction, important
tricuspid regurgitation, atrial or ventricular arrhythmias, or symptoms
such as deteriorating exercise performance (Level of Evidence: C)
Residual VSD with a shunt > 1.5:1 (Level of Evidence: C)
Residual pulmonary stenosis with RV pressure 2/3 of systemic
pressure (either the native right ventricular outflow or valved conduit if
one is present) (Level of Evidence: C)
Significant aortic regurgitation associated with symptoms and/or
progressive left ventricular systolic dysfunction (Level of Evidence: C)
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
Class IIa - Re-interventions for Tetralogy of Fallot
The following situations may warrant intervention following repair:
Aortic root enlargement 55 mm in diameter (Level of Evidence: C)
A large right ventricular outflow tract aneurysm or evidence of infection
or false aneurysm (Level of Evidence: C)
Sustained clinical arrhythmias, most commonly either atrial flutter or
fibrillation, or sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. When
any of these arrhythmias occur, the patient should also be evaluated
for a treatable hemodynamic cause of the arrhythmia (Level of
Evidence: C)
The combination of residual VSD, and/or residual pulmonary stenosis
and regurgitation, all mild-moderate but leading to substantial RV
enlargement, reduced RV function or symptoms (Level of Evidence: C)
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
Class IIa
Patients deemed to be at particularly high risk for
sudden cardiac death may benefit from ICDs for
primary prevention (Level of Evidence: B)
Patients who require re-operation for tetralogy of
Fallot should be operated on by congenital heart
surgeons (Level of Evidence: B)
EBSTEIN ANOMALY
Class I
The following situations warrant intervention:
Limited exercise capacity (New York Heart Association class greater
than II) (Level of Evidence: B)
Increasing heart size (cardiothoracic ratio greater than 65%) (Level of
Evidence: B)
Important cyanosis (resting oxygen saturations < 90%) (Level of
Evidence: B)
Severe tricuspid regurgitation with symptoms (Level of Evidence: B)
Transient ischemic attack or stroke (Level of Evidence: B)
Patients who require operation for Ebstein anomaly should be operated
on by congenital heart surgeons who have substantial specific
experience and success with this operation. Every effort should be
made to preserve the native TV. (Level of Evidence: C)
MARFAN SYNDROME
Class I
The following situations warrant surgical intervention:
A maximal aortic root/ascending aorta diameter > 50 mm (Level of
Evidence: B)
A maximal aortic root/ascending aorta diameter > 45-50 mm with:
1. Rapid aortic root growth > 5 mm per year, 2. Progressive aortic
regurgitation, especially if the surgeon believes the aortic valve can
be spared and an aortic valve-sparing procedure is planned, 3.
Family history of premature aortic dissection< 50 mm, 4. Severe
mitral valve regurgitation that requires surgery (Level of Evidence:
B)
A maximal aortic root/ascending aorta diameter > 44 mm if
pregnancy is desired (Level of Evidence: B)
MARFAN SYNDROME
Class I
The following situations warrant surgical intervention:
A maximal dimension of other parts of the aorta of 50-60 mm
or progressive dilation (Level of Evidence: B)
Severe mitral regurgitation with symptoms or progressive left
venticular dilation/dysfunction as per the current guidelines
on valvular heart disease (Level of Evidence: B)
Patients who require operation for Marfan syndrome should be
operated on by congenital heart surgeons (Level of
Evidence: C)
MARFAN SYNDROME
Class IIa
All patients with Marfan syndrome should be
advised to take beta-blockers and to remain
on them unless side effects preclude their
use. This is especially true, usually in
association with other blood pressure
lowering agents, if dissection has occurred.
(Level of Evidence: B)
PART III
D-TGA
L-TGA
Single Ventricle/Fontan
Eisenmenger Syndrome
Omid Salehian MSc, MD, FRCPC, FACC, FAHA
Director of Echocardiography Laboratory
McMaster University, Hamiton
D-TGA
Class I
D-TGA
The following situations may warrant re-intervention following the atrial switch
procedures: (Class IIa)
Significant systemic (tricuspid) AV valve regurgitation without significant ventricular
dysfunction (Level of Evidence: C)
Superior or inferior vena cava pathway obstruction (Level of Evidence: C)
Pulmonary venous pathway obstruction (Level of Evidence: C)
Baffle leak resulting in a significant left to right shunt (Qp:Qs >1.5), symptoms,
pulmonary hypertension or progressive ventricular enlargement/dysfunction (Level of
Evidence: C)
Baffle leak resulting in a significant right to left shunt and symptoms (Level of
Evidence: C)
Symptomatic bradyarrythmias or tachyarrhythmias (Level of Evidence: C)
D-TGA
The following situations may warrant re-intervention following the arterial
switch procedure: (Class IIa)
Significant pulmonary artery stenosis (subvalvular, pulmonary trunk or branch
pulmonary artery) (Level of Evidence: C)
Coronary arterial obstruction (Level of Evidence: C)
Severe neo-aortic valve regurgitation (Level of Evidence: C)
Severe neo-aortic root dilatation (Level of Evidence: C)
D-TGA
D-TGA
Follow-up (Class I)
All patients should be followed regularly (usually annual) by an ACHD
cardiologist including appropriate imaging, laboratory, and arrhythmia
assessment. (Level of Evidence: C)
L-TGA
Class I
Pacemakers are indicated in patients with spontaneous or
postoperative third-degree and advanced second-degree AV block or
documented periods of asystole (3.0 seconds) (Level of Evidence: C)
Ablation and device implantation should be undertaken by an
electrophysiologist with appropriate training/experience in the ACHD
population (Level of Evidence: C)
Patients who require intervention should be treated by ACHD
cardiologists and congenital heart surgeons with appropriate
experience (Level of Evidence: C)
L-TGA
The following situations may warrant surgical intervention / reinterventions: (Class IIa)
Presence of VSD or residual VSD (Level of Evidence: C)
Moderate to severe systemic AV valve regurgitation (Level of Evidence:
B)
Hemodynamically significant pulmonary or subpulmonary obstruction
(Level of Evidence: B)
Significant stenosis across a left ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit
(Level of Evidence: C)
Deteriorating systemic (right) ventricular function (Level of Evidence: C)
L-TGA
Follow-up (Class I)
All patients should have regular (usually annual) cardiology follow
up by an ACHD cardiologist.
Particular attention should be paid to:
1.Ventricular function
2.Systemic (tricuspid) AV valve regurgitation
3.Progressive (or complete) AV block
(Level of Evidence C)
Fontan
Re-intervention after Fontan procedure is warranted in the following situations:
(Class I)
Obstruction to systemic venous return in the Fontan circuit (Level of Evidence: C)
Obstruction of pulmonary venous return (Level of Evidence: C)
Significant (moderately severe or greater) systemic AV valve regurgitation (Level of
Evidence: C)
Development of venous collateral channels or pulmonary arterio-venous malformations
resulting in symptomatic cyanosis (Level of Evidence: C)
Residual atrial septal defect or fenestration resulting in significant right-to-left shunt
Residual shunt secondary to a previous palliative surgical shunt or residual ventricle-topulmonary artery connection causing a hemodynamically significant volume or pressure
load (Level of Evidence: C)
Subaortic obstruction with a peak-to-peak gradient of >30mmHg (Level of Evidence: C)
Protein losing enteropathy that is associated with high systemic venous pressures or
Fontan abnormality (Level of Evidence: C)
Recurrent or poorly tolerated atrial arrhythmias refractory to medical therapy
(Level of Evidence: C)
Fontan
Class I (continued)
Fontan patients with a history of atrial thrombus, thromboembolic event, interatrial
communication or atrial arrhythmias should be therapeutically anticoagulated with
warfarin (Level of Evidence: C)
When arrhythmias are present, an underlying hemodynamic cause should always be
sought, and in particular, obstruction of the Fontan circuit, thrombus formation, or
ventricular dysfunction need to excluded by comprehensive imaging (Level of
Evidence: C)
Patients with arrhythmias should be referred for consultation with an
electrophysiologist with expertise in congenital heart disease (Level of Evidence: C)
Electrophysiologic studies in Fontan patients should be performed in centres with
expertise in congenital heart disease (Level of Evidence: C)
Patients who require intervention or re-intervention should be treated by ACHD
cardiologists and congenital heart surgeons with appropriate experience (Level of
Evidence: C)
Fontan
Class IIa
Fontan patients with intracardiac pacemaker or defibrillator leads should be
therapeutically anticoagulated with warfarin (Level of Evidence: C)
Anticoagulation may be considered in Fontan patients without atrial thrombus or
arrhythmias (Level of Evidence: C)
Patients with serious refractory atrial arrhythmias may be considered for Fontan
conversion to a total cavopulmonary connection with concomitant atrial maze
procedure (Level of Evidence: C)
Class IIb
When clinical situations or hemodynamics warrant therapy, it may be reasonable to
treat ventricular dysfunction in Fontan patients with diuretics, angiotensin converting
enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers as tolerated (Level of Evidence: C)
Fontan
Follow-up (Class I)
All patients who have had a Fontan operation should be
followed yearly by an ACHD cardiologist including appropriate
imaging, laboratory, and arrhythmia assessment. (Level of
Evidence: C)
Eisenmenger
Class I
Advanced pulmonary vascular obstructive disease with a resistance, which is fixed,
in combination with the absence of left-to-right shunting render a patient ineligible for
cardiac repair (Level of Evidence: C)
The main interventions in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome are directed towards
preventing complications (e.g. influenza and pneumococcal vaccination) or restoring
physiologic balance (e.g. iron replacement for iron deficiency). (Level of Evidence: C)
Phlebotomy with fluid replacement and iron supplementation should be performed
only in patients who are symptomatic from secondary erythrocytosis. Prevention of
iron deficiency is important. (Level of Evidence: C)
Platelet transfusions, fresh frozen plasma, vitamin K, cryoprecipitate and
desmopressin can be used to treat severe bleeding (Level of Evidence: C)
If iron deficiency anemia is confirmed, iron replacement should be prescribed. (Level
of Evidence: C)
Symptomatic hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis can be treated as necessary with
colchicine, probenecid or sulfinpyrazone; and with Allopurinol for prophylaxis. (Level
of Evidence: C)
Eisenmenger
Class I
Sinus rhythm should be restored promptly and maintained whenever possible (Level of
Evidence: C)
Symptomatic arrhythmias should be treated with individualized antiarrhythmic therapy
(Level of Evidence: C)
Patients with atrial fibrillation/flutter should receive warfarin therapy with judicious
monitoring of INR levels (sodium citrate adjusted to hematocrit) (Level of Evidence: C)
Insertion of an implantable defibrillator is a high-risk endeavour. It may be considered
in patients with syncope and documented concurrent ventricular arrhythmia. Epicardial
approaches should be used (Level of Evidence: C)
Transvenous pacing leads are not recommended and must be avoided in the presence
of intracardiac shunts due to risk of paradoxical embolization (Level of Evidence: B)
Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome should be treated by ACHD cardiologists who
understands and has experience in management of the Eisenmenger syndrome (Level
of Evidence: C)
Patients with Eisenmenger syndrome benefit from the involvement of other specialists
(nursing, respirology, psychology/psychiatry, hematology, gynecology, anesthesia,
intensive care, social work) (Level of Evidence: C)
Eisenmenger
Class IIa
Cyanotic patients having surgery may undergo prophylactic
phlebotomy to reduce the hematocrit to less than 65% (Level of
Evidence: C)
Pulmonary vasodilator therapy may help to improve quality of
life in patients in Eisenmenger syndrome. (Level of Evidence:
B)
Eisenmenger
Follow-up (Class I)
Annual clinical visits with comprehensive, systematic assessment and
laboratory evaluation for potential complications are recommended. (Level
of Evidence: C)
All patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease should be cared for by
an ACHD cardiologist. They may also benefit from the involvement of other
specialists within such an ACHD centre (nursing, respirology,
psychology/psychiatry, hematology, gynecology, anesthesia, intensive care,
social work). (Level of Evidence: C)
Imaging tests should be performed every 2 to 3 years in a stable patient.
(Level of Evidence: C)
CANADIAN CARDIOVASCULAR
SOCIETY 2009 CONSENSUS
CONFERENCE
UPDATE ON THE GUIDELINES FOR
THE MANAGEMENT OF ADULTS
WITH CONGENITAL HEART
DISEASE
Presentation at Annual CCS Meeting in Edmonton 2009