Communication Network and

Switching
Part 01
Introduction

DR. REDHWAN QASEM SHADDAD

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

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Taiz University, YEMEN

Objectives
To equip the students with
skills and knowledge of the
current and future
telecommunication networks
To understand different
types of telecommunication
switching systems.
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Taiz University, YEMEN

Requirements
It assumes students have a
background in
Digital Communication Systems

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List of Readings
Text Books:
Telecommunication Switching, Traffic and
Networks by J. E. Flood, 1994.
Telecommunication Switching and Networks by V.
P. Gnanasivam, 2006.
Data Communications and Networking by Behrouz
A. Forouzan, 2013.
Data and Computer Communications by W.
Stallings, 2007.

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Taiz University, YEMEN

Marking Scheme

Grade

Date

Mid-Term Exam

30

8th Week

Final Exam

120

Total

150

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Course Outline

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Development of Telecommunication
Telecommunication Transmission
Telecommunication Traffic
Telecommunication Switching Systems
Transmission Networks
Data Networks
Signaling techniques
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Mobile Networks
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Historical Perspective

Development of telecommunications systems and services

Source: Introduction to telecommunications Network Engineering by T. Anttalainen 2003.
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Global Telephony
Trends
2008: 1.27 billion fixed line subscribers
according to ITU
At the end of 2011:
Total mobilecellular subscriptions reached almost 6
billion corresponding to a global penetration of 86%.
more than 1 billion mobilebroadband subscriptions
worldwide.
590 million fixed (wired)broadband subscriptions
worldwide.
2.3 billion people were online.
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Global Telephony
Trends
100
90
80
70
60

Global ICT developments, 2001-2011

Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions
Individuals using the Internet
Fixed-telephone subscriptions
Active mobile-broadband subscriptions
Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions

Per 100 50
inhabitants
40
30
20
10
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Source: ITU World Telecommunication /ICT Indicators database.

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2006

2007

Taiz University, YEMEN

2008

2009

2010

2011

Telecommunication Usage in
Yemen

Sector

2012

2014

Subscribers to telecoms services (million):

Fixed Broadband

0.16

0.38

Fixed-line telephony

1.11

1.16

Mobile phone

13.9

18.4

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Internet Usage in
Yemen
YEAR

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Users

Population

% Pen.

Usage Source

2000

15,000

17,900,000

0.1 %

ITU

2001

100,000

19,600,009

0.5 %

ITU

2005

220,000

20,764,630

1.1 %

M.of.T

2009

370,000

22,858,238

1.6 %

ITU

2010

420,000

23,495,361

1.8 %

ITU

2012

3,691,000

24,771,809

14.9 %

IWS

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Telecommunication
Network

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Telecommunication Network

End system

The end system (Terminal) is a transmitter or receiver that are

responsible for sending information or decoding or inverting
received information or message into an intelligible message.

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Some of the end instruments

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Telecommunication Network

Transmission system

The transmission on links conveys the information and control

signals between the terminals and switching centres.
Transmission link properties:

The communication channels between switching system are

referred to as trunks.

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Telecommunication Network

Transmission system

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Various transmission media

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Telecommunication Network

Switching system

A switching system is a collection of switching elements arranged

and controlled in such a way as to setup a communication path
between any two distant points.
Central office is a switching system is a collection of switching
elements arranged and controlled in such a way as to setup a
communication path between any two distant points.
Types of switching:

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Telecommunication Network

Signaling system
A signalling system in a data communication
networks exchanges signalling information
effectively between subscribers.
Signalling provides the interface between
different national systems.

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Network Structures

Ring Network
N=1

Bus Network
N=1

Us
er
1
Us
er
4

Us
er
2
Us
er
3

Mesh Network N=n(n-1)/2

Star Network N=n
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Tree Network
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Exchange
Solution can be provided by connecting a line from each
users station to the central switching center/telephone
exchange
a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system
of electronic components that connects telephone calls

Area with a single

exchange

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Area with several

exchanges
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Telecommunication networks
hierarchy
L

A National Public Switched

Telecommunication Network
(PSTN) consists of:

L
L

Local network

L
L

L
Junction circuits

Junction Network
Multi exchange area.
L= Local Exchange
T=Tandem Exchange

connects customers station to

their local exchanges.
These
are
also
called
subscribers
distribution
networks,
customer
access
networks or the customer loop.

Junction networks
interconnects a group of local
exchanges serving as area and a
tandem or trunk exchange.

The trunk network or toll network

which provides long-distance

circuits between local areas
Taiz University, YEMENthroughout the country.

National Telecommunication
Network
Satellite Links and
Submarine Cables
International Gateway
Exchange
(Centre de Transit3)
National Tandem Exchanges
(tertiary trunk switching
centres)
Regional Tandem Exchanges
(Secondary trunk switching
centres)
Local Tandem Exchanges
(Primary trunk switching
centres)
Local
Exchanges
Customer
Lines

node
s

International
Network
PBX
Trunk Network
Junction
Network
Local
Network
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Core
Network

u
o
Y
k
n
a
h
T
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