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SMITH AND VAN NESS CHAPTER 2:

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS


CHE123

HERO OF ALEXANDRIA/HEROS ENGINE

STEAM ENGINE AND TRAINS

GASOLINE ENGINES AND CARS

THE 4 STROKE GASOLINE


ENGINE
1. Intake stroke gasoline and air enter the cylinder
2. Compression stroke - gasoline and air mixture is compress.
3. Power stroke the spark plug ignite the compresses gasoline and air
mixture.
4. Exhaust stroke the valves open up and combustion product are
released.

ACTUAL PV DIAGRAM OF A
GASOLINE ENGINE

JOULES EXPERIMENT
Heat is a form of energy

INTERNAL ENERGY
When heat is added to a fluid its temperature increase
Translational movement velocity is increased.
Rotational movement in polyatomic molecules is increased.
Internal Energy is a thermodynamic primitive there is no internal energy
absolute measurement

Chemistry In Action: Microwave Ovens

12

ROTATION OF MOLECULES AND


MOLAR HEAT CAPACITY

SYSTEM AND SURROUNDING

VAN NESS VS ATKINS

SMITH AND VAN NESS CHAPTER 2:


FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
CHE123

THE FIRST AND SECOND LAW OF


THERMODYNAMICS HAVE NO
MATHEMATICAL PROOF THEIR
VALIDITY LIES IN THE ABSENCE OF
CONTRARY EVIDENCE
-SMITH AND VAN NESS

WORK SIGN CONVENTION


When work is done by the system, work is
negative
When work is done on the system work is
positive

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picture

CONSTANT-VOLUME PROCESS
In constant volume process work is
equal to zero

CONSTANT-PRESSURE PROCESS

ENTHALPY, H
Enthalpy appears in energy balance for flow
process, heat exchangers, evaporators, distillation
columns, pumps, compressors, turbines

WHY H?
The tabulation of values of Q and W for the
infinite array of possible processes is
impossible. The state function specific
enthalpy is an intensive property. Once
determined for a particular substance, their
values for liquid and vapor phases can be
tabulated as functions of T and P for future
use in calculation of Q and W.

UNITS OF H
SI: if P is Pa and V m3/mole, H will be in J/mole
common H unit kJ/kg or kJ/mole
English: If P is lbf/ft2 and V is in ft3/lbm, H will be in
lbf.ft/lbm
this is converted to btu/lbm thru division with 778.

U IS LESS THAN H PERRY PP 2-413 TO 2-415


TABLE 2-305 THERMO. OF H2O

HEAT CAPACITY

C = dq/dT

HEAT CAPACITY AT CONSTANT VOLUME

HEAT CAPACITY AT CONSTANT VOLUME

HEAT CAPACITY AT CONSTANT


PRESSURE

HEAT CAPACITY AT CONSTANT PRESSURE

MEASURES OF FLOW

MEASURES OF FLOW

MASS BALANCE FOR OPEN


SYSTEM

The continuity equation

THE STEADY STATE

If dm/dt = 0 steady state

THE STEADY STATE CONTINUITY


EQUATION

Where V is specific volume the reciprocal of density

PROBLEM 2.22 VAN NESS


An incompressible (density is constant) liquid
flows steadily through a conduit of circular
cross-section and increasing diameter. At
location 1, the diameter is 2.5 cm and the
velocity is 2 m/s. The diameter is 5 cm at
location 2.
a.What is the velocity at location 2?
b.What is the kinetic-energy change (J/kg) of
the fluid between locations 1 and 2)

THE GENERAL ENERGY BALANCE

OPEN SYSTEM ENERGY BALANCE

OPEN SYSTEM ENERGY BALANCE

If kinetic energy change and potential


energy change are negligible then:

ENERGY BALANCES FOR STEADYSTATE FLOW PROCESSES

In steady state d(mU)cv/dt = 0. therefore

SINGLE ENTRANCE AND SINGLE EXIT


STEADY STATE SYSTEMS

According to continuity equation mass flowrate is


constant, thus:

SINGLE ENTRANCE AND SINGLE EXIT


STEADY STATE SYSTEMS

A FLOW CALORIMETER FOR


ENTHALPY MEASUREMENTS

If we assign H=0 for liquid water at 0C

FOR ENGLISH SYSTEM THE STEADY STATE


EQUATION NEEDS DIVISION WITH GC

PROBLEM 2.4 VAN NESS


An electric motor under steady load
draws 9.7 amperes at 110 volts,
delivering 1.25(hp) of mechanical energy.
What is the rate of heat transfer from the
motor, in kW?

PROBLEM 2.11 VAN NESS


A tank containing 20 kg of water at 20C is fitted
with a stirrer that delivers work to the water at the
rate of 0.25 kW. How long does it take for the
temperature of the water to rise to 30C if no heat
is lost from the water? For water Cp = 4.18
kJ/kg.C.

PROBLEM 2.13 VAN NESS


A steel casting weighing 2 kg has an initial
temperature of 500C. 40 kg of water initially at
25C is contained in a perfectly insulated steel tank
weighing 5 kg. The casting is immersed in the
water and the system is allowed to come to
equilibrium. What is its final temperature? Specific
heat for water is 4.18 kJ/kg.K and 0.50 kJ/kg.K for
steel.

PROBLEM 2.16 VAN NESS


An electric motor runs hot under load, owing to
internal irreversibilities. It has been suggested that
the associated energy loss be minimized by
thermally insulating the motor casing. Comment
critically on this suggestion.

PROBLEM 2.17 VAN NESS


A hydroturbine operates with a head of 50 m of
water. Inlet and outlet conduits are 2m in diameter.
Estimate the mechanical power developed by the
turbine for an outlet velocity of 5 m/s.

COMPRESSOR PROBLEM

TURBINE PROBLEM

NOZZLE PROBLEM

COMPRESSOR PROBLEM

HEAT AT CONSTANT P AND CONSTANT V

HEAT AT CONSTANT P AND CONSTANT V

HEATER

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