EEng1041: Fundamentals

of Electricity and
Electronic Devices
1. G/Tsadik T.
2. Kidan G
3. Rahwa A.

Dept. of Electrical and Computer

Engineering
Adigrat University
2 December 2016

Chapter 1: Basics Concepts of

electricity

Charge, Current, Voltage, Power, and Energy

Types of Current: AC and DC
Circuits
Close
Open
Short

Circuit Elements (Resistance, Inductance and

Capacitance)
Ohms Law
KCL
KVL

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System of Units :International

System
of
Units
(SI)

SI units are commonly adhered to by virtually all

engineering professional societies.
SI units are based on six fundamental quantities.

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Electric Charge
The atomic structure of matter, consisting of a
nucleusneutrons and protonssurrounded by
electrons.
The fundamental electric quantity is charge,
and the smallest amount of charge that exists is
the charge carried by an electron, equal to
The other charge-carrying particle in an atom,
the proton, is assigned a positive sign, and the
same magnitude. The charge of a proton is

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Voltage, Current, and

Resistance
Water flowing through a
hose is a good way to
look at electricity

Water is like Electrons in a

wire (flowing electrons is
called Current)
Pressure is the force pushing
water through a hose
Voltage is the force pushing
electrons through a wire
Friction against the hole walls
slows the flow of water
Resistance is the force that
slows the flow of electrons

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Electrical Current
The time rate of flow of electrical charge
The units are amperes (A), which are equivalent to
coulombs per second (C/s)

Andr-Marie Ampre
1775-1836

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Current

Direct Current (DC) & Alternating Current (AC)

When current is constant with time, we say that we have direct current,
abbreviated as DC.

~
On the other hand, a current that varies with time, reversing direction
periodically, is called alternating current, abbreviated as AC
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Voltage

To move the electron in a conductor in a particular direction requires

some work or energy transfer.
This work is performed by an external electromotive force (emf).
This emf is also known as voltage or potential difference.

Units of Voltage: Volts (V)

Voltage difference is a
Source of current flow

V V 12V

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 The voltage vab between two points a and b in an electric

circuit is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge
from a to b; mathematically,

Voltage (or potential difference) is the

energy required to move a unit charge
through an element, measured in volts
(V).
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Electrical Systems are made of Voltage sources, wires and a variety of

electrical elements

Resistor

Capacitor

Inductor

Diode
Transistor
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Transformer

Circuits
A circuit is a path for current to flow
Three basic kinds of circuits
Open the path is broken and
interrupts current flow
Close the path is complete and
current flows were it is intended
Short the path is corrupted in some
way and current does not flow were it is
intended

Circuits

Electrical Circuit
Connection of several circuit elements in closed paths by conductors

Before we learn how to analyze and design circuits, we must become familiar with
some basic circuit elements.
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Ohms law
Ohms law states that the voltage v across a resistor is
directly proportional to the current i owing through the
resistor.

v (t ) R i (t )
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Resistance

v (t ) R i (t )
Ohms law
The constant, R, is called the resistance of the component and is measured
in units of Ohm ()

Resistor Symbol:

Any electrical element which obeys ohms law can be

modeled as a resistor
Can we model an electric bulb as a resistor?
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Conductance

v (t ) R i (t )

v (t )
i (t )
G v (t )
R

G = 1/R is called conductance and its unit

is Siemens (S)

Ernst Werner von Siemens

1816-1892
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Electric Bulb

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Electric Bulb

Even though characteristics are non-linear, over a certain

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range,
the bulb can be thought of as a resistor

v
R
i
i
G
v

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Power and Energy

12V
Q

The charge loses energy = Q x 12 Joules

X

0V

This energy is taken from the voltage

source and delivered to the circuit
element

A charge of 1 coulomb receives or delivers an energy of

1 joule in moving through a voltage of 1 volt.

dw
v
dq
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Power:

dw
v
dq

Power is the time rate of expending or

absorbing energy, measured in watts
(W).

dq
i
dt

dw dw dq
P (t )

v(t ) i (t )
dt dq dt
dw
P (t )

dt
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t2

w p (t )dt
t1

Power: Passive Sign Convention

V1
I

P (V1 V2 ) I
X

V2
If V1 > V2 then P is positive and it means that power is being
delivered to the electrical element X
If V1 < V2 then P is negative and it means that power is being
extracted from the electrical element X.
X is a source of power !
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Passive Sign Convention

Passive sign convention is satised
when the current enters through the
positive terminal of an element and
p =+ vi . If the current enters through
the negative terminal, p = vi
If the sign of the power is positive,
power is being absorbed by the
element; if the sign is negative,
power is being supplied by the
element.

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12/15/16

Note on the direction of current

-2A
2A

Similarly for the voltage between two points

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Examples

12V
P= ?

1A

P (V1 V2 ) I

(12 6) 1 6W

6V
12V

P= ?

1A
X

P (V1 V2 ) I
(12 6) 1 6W

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6V

6V

P= ?
1A
X

P (V1 V2 ) I
(6 12) 1 6W

12V

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There is only one battery in the circuit. Can you find which element is a
battery?

2.5 V

+
2.5 V
-

2.5 V

1A

+
5V

1A
2A

A battery is a source of power, so P is negative

Answer is C
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Is energy conserved in this circuit?

2.5 V
-

Power dissipated in a Resistor

+
v
-

i
R

v i R
P vi

P i R
2

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v
P
R

v
i
R

Circuit Analysis

R1
VS

R3
R2

R4

IX

What is current in R2 ?
Procedure:
Use Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) and Kirchhoff's Current law
(KCL) to transform the circuit into a set of equations whose
12/15/16
solution
gives the required voltage or current value

Engineering Analysis
Real-life System
Fuse

Abstract Model

Mathematical
problem

Fuse

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Nodes and loops

Node: A point where 2 or more circuit elements are connected.

R1
VS

R3
R2

R4

IX

A node is the point of connection between two or more branches

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A loop is formed by tracing a closed path through circuit

elements without passing through any intermediate node more
than once

R1
VS

R3
R2

This is not a valid loop !

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R4

IX

Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

Sum of currents entering a node is equal to sum of currents
leaving a node

i1 i2 i3
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Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL)

N

Net current entering a node is zero

Current entering a node is considered negative and current

leaving a node is considered as positive

i1 i2 i3 0
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i3 i4

ia 4 A

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ib 2 A

ic 8 A
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Example

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KCL: More general formulation

The sum of currents entering/leaving a closed surface is zero.

i2

i1
R1
VS

i3
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R3
R2

R4

IX

i4

i1 i2 i3 i4 0

Series Circuit
Two elements are connected in series if there is no other
element connected to the node joining them

A, B and C are in series

The elements have the same current going through them

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ia ib ic

A and B are in series

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E, F and G are in series

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

The algebraic sum of the voltages equals zero for any

closed path (loop) in an electrical circuit

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Example

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KVL and Conservation of Energy

V1

The charge loses energy = Q x (V1-V2) Joules

Q
X

V2

Energy gained
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Energy lost

KVL: law of conservation of Energy

Parallel Circuits
Two elements are connected in parallel if both ends of one
element are connected directly to corresponding ends of
the other

A and B are connected in parallel

D, E and F are connected in parallel
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The voltage across parallel elements are equal (both magnitude

and polarity)

va vb vc
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Example

3 5 vc 0 vc 8V
vc ( 10) ve 0 ve 2V
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Use KVL , KCL and Ohms law to solve the given problem

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Use ohms law : v = I x R

i1 = ? +

v1

v2=5V

5V

5V

0.5A

1A

Apply KCL at the indicated node

i1 0.5 1 1 0 i1 2.5 A

v1 i1 5 12.5V
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vx v1 v2 12.5 5 17.5V

Series Resistors and Voltage

Division

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Series circuit rule for

current:
Because there is only one path, the current
everywhere is the same.
For example, the reading on the first
ammeter is 2.0 mA, What do the other
meters read?
_
_
R
+

2.0 mA

ammeter

ammeter +

ammeter +
51

Series Circuits : Voltage

Series circuit rule for
voltage:
When two or more voltage sources are in
series, the total voltage is equal to the
algebraic sum (including polarities of the
sources) of the individual source voltages.
For example, the voltage across node A and B
is equal to 4.5 V which is equal to total
voltages from all sources.

52

Series Circuits : Voltage

Voltage
in series add algebraically. For
Voltagesources
sources in series
example, the total voltage of the sources
+
shown is
9V

27 V

9V

What is the total voltage if one battery

is reversed?

9V

9
V
53

Series Resistors
i

1.5 V

R1

+ V1 +

by KVL
1.5 = V1 + V2
= iR1 + iR2

+
V2
-

R2

= i(R1 + R2)

Series Circuit
Def : Two or more circuit elements are said to be in series if the
current flow from one elements exclusively flows into the next
element. In the example, to the battery, the resistors appear an a
single equivalent resistance,
REQ where REQ = R1 + R 2
So, for series resistance

Series Circuits : Resistor

The total resistance of resistors in
series is the sum of the individual
resistors.

Req =R1+R2+R3+.....
+RN

Where n = the number of resistors

55

Voltage Divider
-

Closely tied to series resistors

Source voltage divides among the resistors in series according to
KVL
R1
i
V = i (R1 + R2+R3)
+ V1 +
V = i REQ
V2 R2
+
i= V
V

REQ
- V3 +
R3

We can write the voltage across each R

V1 = iR1 = R1

REQ
V2 = iR2 = R2

REQ
V3 = iR3 = R3
REQ

The general form of the voltage divider with N series resistors and a
voltage source

Vn =

Rn

Vs

R1 + R2 +.Rn +.+RN
-

Ex:

Vs

i
+

R1

+ V1 R2

- V3 +

Determine V3

+
V2
-

R3
V3 = R3 Vs = 8 x 3 = 1V
REQ
24
-Vs + V1 + V2 + V3 = 0
Vs = i (R1 + R2 + R3)
Vs = i (24)
i =1A
8

R1 = 10 ohm
R2 = 6 ohm
R3= 8 ohm
Vs = 3V

V 3 = iR3 = 1 (8) = 1V
8

Parallel Resistors and Current

Division

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Parallel Resistors
Def : Two or more circuit elements are said to be in parallel if the
elements share the same terminals. From KVL , it follows that the
elements will have the same voltage.
Ex:

i1
is

R1

i2
R2

i3 +
R3

V
-

KCL requires that

is = i1 + i 2 + i3
ohms law
i1 = V , i2 = V, i3 =
R1
R2
so is = V 1 + 1 + 1 =
R1 R 2 R 3

V
R3
V 1REQ

1= 1+1+1
Where REQ R1 R2 R3
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + .... + 1
REQ R1 R2 R3

RN

1
or REQ

1 + 1 + + 1
=
R1 R 2
RN

Note : for parallel combinations, normally indicate R1 // R2 // R3

Parallel Circuits : Current

Parallel circuit rule for
current:
The total current produced by all current
sources is equal to the algebraic sum of the
individual current sources.
For example, total current, A is 5 A because
each parallel branch currents are added
together.

61

Parallel Circuits : Voltage

Parallel circuit rule for
voltage:
The voltage across any given branch of a
parallel circuit is equal to the voltage across
each of the other branches in parallel.
For example, voltage across RN is equal to
the voltages across R1, R2 and R3 because
they are parallel to each other.

Vab = VR1 = VR2= VR3 =.....

62

Parallel Circuits : Resistor

The total resistance of resistors in
parallel is given by the equation
below:

63

Parallel Circuit : Resistor

Example

Series Resistance, R = 15 + 20 + 13
= 48
Total resistance, Rab = R48||16
= 16(48)/(16+48)
= 12

64

Current Divider
From circuit , i1 = V, i2 = V, i3 = V
R1
ohms law:

R2

R3

V = i REQ
1
i1 = i R1EQ +=1i+ 1
R1
R1 R2
R3
R1
1
=
R1
1+1+1
i

R1 R2
R3

R2
=
1+1+1

i REQ
i2 =
R2

R1 R2 R3
i

R3
=1 + 1 + 1

i REQ
i3 =
R3

R1 R2 R3
1
So :

in =

Rn
1 + 1 +.. + 1
R1 R2

Rn

is

Ex:

i1

i2
R2

R1

i3 R3

Is

V
+

Determine i1 , R1 = 10
R2 = 2
R3 = 20
Is = 4 A
1

1
i1 =

R1
1+1 +1
R1 R2 R3

Is =

1 + 10
1 +1
10 2

20

(4)

13

Ex:

1 k

R1

+
5V

Determine V3

1 k

V3 1 k
-

+
Vs

V3 R2//R3
-