CHAPTER

1
Properties of Pure
Substances
Title:

Pure Substances

Pure
Pure substances
substances

Substance
Substancewith
withfixed
fixedchemical
chemicalcomposition
composition
Can
Canbe
besingle
singleelement:
element:Such
Suchas,
as,NN22,,H
H22,,O
O22
Compound:
Compound:Such
Suchas
asWater,
Water,H
H22O,
O,CC44H
H1010,,
Mixture
Mixturesuch
suchas
asAir,
Air,
2-phase
2-phasesystem
systemsuch
suchas
asH
H22O.
O.
Responsible
Responsiblefor
forthe
thereceiving
receivingand
andremoving
removingdynamic
dynamic
energy
energy(working
(workingfluid)
fluid)

Phase Change of Water

P = 100 kPa

P = 100 kPa

T = 30 C

T = 99.6 C

T, C

99.6
H2O:
C. liquid

, m3/kg

2 = f@100 kPa

Qin

30

Qin

H 2O
Sat.
liquid

Water interacts with thermal energy

Phase Change of Water

T, C

P = 100 kPa
T = 99.6 C

99.6
Sat. Vapor

30

Qin

2 = f@100 kPa

Qin

H2O:
Sat. Liq.

H2 O
Sat.
liquid

Water interacts with thermal energy

, m3/kg

Phase Change of Water

T, C

P = 100 kPa
T = 99.6 C

99.6
Sat. Vapor

, m3/kg

4 = g@100 kPa

Qin

2 = f@100 kPa

Qin

30

H2O:
Sat. Liq.

H2O:
Sat. Vapor

Water interacts with thermal energy

Phase Change of Water

P = 100 kPa

P = 100 kPa

T = 99.6 C

T = 150 C

5 = @100 kPa, 150C

T, C

3 = [f + x f g]@100 kPa
1 = f@T1

150
99.6
H2O:
Sat. Vapor

H2O:
Super
Vapor

30
, m3/kg

4 = g@100 kPa

Qin

2 = f@100 kPa

Qin

Water interacts with thermal energy

Phase Change of Water

P = 100 kPa

P = 100 kPa

P = 100 kPa P = 100 kPa

P = 100 kPa

T = 30 C

T = 99.6 C

T = 99.6 C

T = 150 C

Sat. Vapor

H2O:
C. liquid

H 2O
Sat.
liquid

H2O:
Sat. Liq.

Qin

Qin

Qin

T = 99.6 C

H2O:
Sat. Vapor

H2O:
Super
Vapor

Qin

Qin

Water interacts with thermal energy

Phase Change of Water

10
0k
Pa

T, C

150

5 = @100 kPa, 150C

3 = [f + x f g]@100 kPa

99.6

1 = f@T1

30

, m3/kg
5
4 = g@100 kPa

2 = f@100 kPa
1

Compressed liquid: Good

estimation for properties
by taking y = yf@T where
y can be either , u, h or
s.

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 2-11
T-v diagram for
the heating
process of water
at constant
pressure.

2-1

Phase Change of Water

10
00
kP
a
10
0k
10
Pa
kP
a

T, C

179.9
99.6
45.8

, m3/kg
g@100 kPa

f@100 kPa

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 2-16
T-v diagram of
constantpressure
phase-change
processes of a
pure
substance at
various
pressures
(numerical
values are for
179.9
water).

99.6
45.8

2-2

T v diagram: Multiple P

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 2-18
T-v diagram of
a pure
substance.

2-3

T v diagram: Multiple P

T v diagram - Example
P, kPa

T, C

50

70

Psat, kPa

T, C

Tsat, C

, m3/kg

81.35

f@70 C

Phase, Y?
50 kPa

Compressed Liquid,
T < Tsat

81.3
70

=f@70 C = 0.001030

, m3/kg
3.2401

T v diagram - Example
P, kPa

, m3/kg

Phase, Why?

200

1.549

Sup. V., >g

Psat, kPa

Tsat, C

T, C

120.2

400

T, C

20
0k
Pa

400
374.1

120.23

f@200 kPa

g@200 kPa

= 0.001061

= 0.8854

T- diagram
with respect to
the saturation
lines

, m3/kg

= 1.549

T v diagram - Example
P, kPa

u, kJ/kg

1,000

2,000

Psat, kPa

Tsat, C

T, C

179.9

179.9
Phase, Why?

T, C

kP

Wet Mix., uf < u < ug

1,0

00

374.1

179.9

T- diagram
with respect to
the saturation
lines
= [f + x f g]@1,000 kPa

f@1,000 kPa
= 0.001127

g@1,000 kPa
= 0.19444

, m3/kg

Property Table
Saturated water Pressure table
Sat.
Pressure temp.
P, kPa

Specific volume,
m3/kg

Tsat, C f, m3/kg

Specific internal energy,

kJ/kg

g, m3/kg uf, kJ/kg ufg, kJ/kg ug, kJ/kg

10

45.81

0.001010

14.67

191.82

2246.1

2437.9

50

81.33

0.001030

3.240

340.44

2143.4

2483.9

0.100

99.63

0.001043

1.6940

417.36

2088.7

2506.1

1.00

179.91 0.001127

0.19444

761.68

1822.0

2583.6

311.06 0.001452 0.018026 1393.04

1151.4

2544.4

2029.6

P, MPa

10
22.09

374.14 0.003155 0.003155

2029.6