CONTENTS :

Whats mean by satellite ?

History of Satellites :
Layer Of Atmosphere :
Generalized communication system :
What are the components of a satellite?
How Satellites Work ?
How do satellite stay in orbit ?
Why satellite are launched 36,000 Km from centre of earth ?
Types of bands :
Types of orbits :
Global position system :
Advantages And Disadvantages Of satellite :
Uses of satellite :
References :

whats mean by sATELLITE ?

A Satellite is a solid object which revolves
around some body due to the effect of
gravitational forces

OR

a satellite is an object which has been

placed into orbit by human endeavour.
Active satellites
Passive Satellites
I. Natural satellites
II. artificial satellites.
. A passive satellite only
reflects received
signals back to earth.
. Ex.moon is a natural
satellite of earth

Active satellites are

complicated structures
having a processing
equipment called
Transponder .
An active satellite
acts as a REPEATER

History of Satellites :
The world's first artificial satellite is the
Sputnik 1
was launched in 1957 First satellite that was
used for communication
purpose in INDIA was
-ARYABHATTA (19 April

1975)
The first geostationary
communication satellite

-SYNCOM 3(19 Aug

1963).
Father of geostationary
communication satellite is

-HAROLD ROSEN
(Aircraft

Layer Of Atmosphere

TROPOSPHERE :

STRATOSPHERE :
MESOSPHERE :
THERMOSPHERE :
EXOSPHERE :

Generalized communication
system :
INFORM
ATION
SOURCE

TRAN
NSMI
TTER

1= Message
signal.

= tranmitted
signal.

= received
signal.

Channel
NOISE OCCUR

Recei
ver

Uses
of
infor
matio
n

What are the components

of a satellite?
Many satellites
are powered by
rechargeable
batteries.
Small thrusters
provide attitude
i.e. stabilize the
satellite's
position in

How Satellites Work :

I. A Earth Station sends
message in GHz range
(Uplink).
II. Satellite Receive and
retransmit signals
back. (Downlink)
III. Difference between
Downlink and Uplink
frequency is

2 GHz.

Why geostationary satellite

are launched 36,000 km
from the center of the
1.Gravitational force=
earth?
attraction between any two
objects, given by

2.Centrifugal force=an
outward-directed force that
normally balances the
inward-directed centripital
There are two relevant
force
forces involved in this

problem

Equate that 2 eqn=

i.e.

Eqating that
2 eqn=

As we know
The
tangential
velocity of
the satellite
(vs) is
related to its
orbital
period, T so,

Then T=? and sqaring

We know:
G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2
me = 5.97 x 1024 kg
e = 7.29 x 10-5 rad s-1
Hence,
substituting
the above
constants into

gives:

R = 35,786 km for
center of earth
Near about 36,000
km.

How do satellites stay in orbit?

Satellites

never fall into

the Earth this because
Earth is round and curves.
Satellites stay in
orbit due to the
balance of two
factors:
i. Velocity and
ii. Gravitational pull
between the Earth and
the satellite.

Satellite Frequency Bands :

Different kinds of
satellites use different
frequency bands.

LBand: 1 to 2 GHz,
S-Band: 2 to 4 GHz
C-Band: 4 to 8 GHz
X-Band: 8 to 13 GHz
Ku-Band: 13 to 18
GHz
K-Band: 18 to 28 GHz
Ka-Band: 28 to 40
GHz

There is a inverse
relationship between
frequency
and wavelength.

As wavelength

increases (and
frequency
decreases), larger
antennas
(satellite dishes)
are necessary to
gather the signal.

C-band :

most common
frequency
spectrums used
by todays
satellite.
C-band satellite
transmissions
occupy the 4 to 8
GHz frequency
range.
C-band antenna
is approximately
2-3 meters in

Ku-band :
Ku-band satellite transmissions

occupy the 13 to 18 GHz

frequency range.
Ku-band antennas can be as
small as 18 inches in diameter
These very high frequency
transmissions mean very small
wavelengths and very small
diameter receiving antennas.

TYPES OF ORBITS
Low-Earth-Orbit (LEOs)
Medium-Earth-Orbit (MEOs)
Geostationary (GEOs)

Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO)
Altitude (600-1000
KM)
satellite gives it a
better signal strength
Advantages:
Reduces
transmission delay
Disadvantages:
Smaller coverage
area.
Shorter life span
(5-8 yrs.)

Little LEOs Applications

0.8 GHz range
Small, low-cost
Used for short
communications.

Middle-Earth-Orbiting (MEO)
MEOs orbits between the
altitudes of 8,000 - 20,000
km above the earth.

MEO satellites
larger coverage.

have

These orbits are primarily

reserved
for
communications
satellites
that cover the North and
South Pole.

MEOs are placed in an elliptical (oval-

shaped) orbit.

Geosynchronous-Earth-Orbit
(GEO)

From the ground

level the satellite
appears fixed.

GEO satellites
have a 24 hour
view of a
particular area.
Coverage to 40% of
area Of planet by

The Global Positioning System :

EQUATORIAL ORBIT :

EACH SATELLITE COVER 40%

AREA

POLAR CIRCULAR ORBIT

:

SATELLITE MAKES AN ANGLE

OF 120 WITH EACH OTHER.

ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
SATELLITE:
DISADVANTAGES :

ADVANTAGES
Make repeated :
observations over a
given area .
At a time satellites
observe a larger
coverage

Minimum Satellite
lifetime is about 10-15
years.

Poor spatial
resolution in the
polar regions.

Launching

satellites into orbit

is costly.

Uses of satellite:
IT IS USED FOR
IT IS

LONG DISTANCE COMMUNICATION.

SPEEDY AND RELIABLE.

IT IS USED FOR WEATHER FORECASTING.

(study of atmosphere ,rain ,sunshine at any
place at perticular time)
IT IS USED FOR

TRANSMIT T.V. SIGNAL OVER LARGE

DISTANCE COMMUNICATION.

POLAR SATELLITE IS USED FOR

REMOTE SENSING.

REFERENCES :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geos
ynchronous_satellie
Geostationary Satellite(AuthorLouis E.Frenzel)
(Edition- Third)
(Publication- Tata McGraw-Hill)
http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/ro
sen.html

-- >>BY SWAPNIL G.