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What is the
constitutional unit
of proteins?
What is the primary
structure of a
protein?
The constitutional
units of proteins are
the amino acids.
The primary protein
structure is the linear
sequence of amino
acids that form the
molecule.
Isoelectric
point of
alanine is
6.00
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
A
B
C
D
Ionic bonds.
Covalent bonds.
Van der Waals forces.
Hydrogen bonds
A
B
C
D
Sample questions
At a pH >pI of a given protein, that protein
becomes ______, at the pH<pI of that
same protein, it becomes _______.
negatively charged (an anion)
positively charged (a cation)
Sample questions
What is the prosthetic group that hemoglobin and
myoglobin's oxygen binding ability depend on?
Heme
Sample questions
The imino acid found in protein structure
(a) Arginine
(b) Proline
(c) Histidine
(d) Lysin
A.covalently bonded to a
sugar
B.ionically bonded to a sugar
C.hydrogen bonded to a sugar
D.none of the above
A.deoxyribose, ribose
B.ribose, deoxyribose
C.ribose, phosphate
D.ribose, uracil
A.Large fragments
B.Small fragments
C.Large genome
D.None of these
A.Uracil
B.Deoxyribose
C.Phosphate
D.Adenine
A 999
B 630
C 330
D 111
E 110
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
3'-AUG-5'
3'-GUA-5'
3'-CAU-5'
3'-UAC-5'
3'-UAG-5'
Sample questions
What is the function of enzymes within living systems?
A) structural elements
B) neurotransmitters
C) catalysts
D) hormones
Enzymes have names that
A) always end in -ase
B) always end in -in
C) can end either in -in or -ase
D) can end in either -in or -ogen
Sample questions
The protein portion of a conjugated enzyme is called a(n)
A) apoenzyme.
B) coenzyme.
C) holoenzyme.
D) cofactor.
Which of the following could be a component of a conjugated enzyme?
A) coenzyme
B) cofactor
C) apoenzyme
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response
Sample questions
Enzyme cofactors that bind covalently at the active site of an enzyme
are referred to as _________.
(a) cosubstrates.
(b) prosthetic groups.
(c) apoenzymes.
(d) vitamins
Sample questions
Which of the following statements concerning the effect of temperature
change on an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is correct?
A) An increase in temperature can stop the reaction by denaturing
the enzyme.
B) An increase in temperature can increase the reaction rate by
increasing the speed at which molecules move.
C) An increase in temperature to the optimum temperature
maximizes reaction rate.
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response
Sample questions
Sample questions
An enzyme active site is the location in the enzyme where
A) protein side groups are brought together by bending and folding to
form a site for interactions with substrates
B) the catalyst interactions with the enzyme
C) catalyst molecules are generated
D) the substrate creates the catalyst molecules
An enzyme active site is the location in an enzyme where substrate
molecules
A) are generated.
B) become catalysts.
C) undergo change.
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response
An allosteric activator
A.
B.
C.
D.
Reactants of an enzyme-catalyzed
reaction are known as
A. products
B. substrates
C. proteins
D. complex
An apoenzyme
A. Includes non-protein compounds such as metal ions
B. Consists of complex organic structures which may be
classified as activation-transfer coenzymes or oxidationreduction coenzymes
C. Is the protein portion of the enzyme without the
cofactors
D. None of the above
Sample questions
The rate of a second order reaction depends on the concentration of
_________.
(a) one substrate
(b) two substrates
(c) three substrates
(d) none of the above
k1
k-1
B + C
Enzyme kinetics
Sample questions
Which of the following kinetic parameters best describes how
well suited a specific compound functions as a substrate
for a particular enzyme?
(a) Km
(b) Vmax
(c) kcat
(d) kcat/Km
Short summary
Km substrate specificity; substrate binding
kcat, the turnover number
kcat/Km the catalytic efficiency
Sample questions
The rate-determining step of Michaelis Menten kinetics is
A.the complex formation step
B.the complex dissociation step to produce product
C.the product formation step
D.Both (a)and(c)
Sample questions
Which of the following binds to an enzyme at its active site?
A) irreversible inhibitor
B) reversible competitive inhibitor
C) reversible noncompetitive inhibitor
D) more than one correct response
E) no correct response
An uncompetitive inhibitor binds to _____.
(a) E
(b) ES
(c) P
(d) a and b
(e) a and c
Sample questions
A reversible inhibitor that can bind to either E alone or the ES complex
is referred to as a _____.
(a) competitive inhibitor.
(b) non-competitive inhibitor.
(c) uncompetitive inhibitor.
(d) suicide inhibitor.
(e) irreversible inhibitor.
Sample questions
A
Sample questions
In a Lineweaver-Burk Plot, competitive
inhibitor shows which of the following
effect?
A.It moves the entire curve to right
B.It moves the entire curve to left
C.It changes the x-intercept
D.It has no effect on the slope
Sample questions
Non-competitive inhibitor of an enzyme catalyzed
reaction
A.decreases Vmax
B.binds to ES
C.both (a) and (b)
D.can actually increase reaction velocity in rare
cases
Sample questions
A classical uncompetitive inhibitor is a compound that binds
A.reversibly to the enzyme substrate complex yielding an
inactive ESI complex
B.irreversibly to the enzyme substrate complex yielding an
inactive ESI complex
C.reversibly to the enzyme substrate complex yielding an
active ESI complex
D.irreversibly to the enzyme substrate complex yielding an
active ESI complex
Enzyme regulation
Sample questions
Sample questions
Allosteric enzymes are
A.similar to simple enzyme
B.smaller than simple enzyme
C.larger and more complex than simple enzyme
D.smaller than simple enzyme but not complex
Which statement is false about allosteric regulation?
A. It is usually the mode of regulation for the last step in reaction pathways
since this step produces the final product.
B. Cellular response is faster with allosteric control than by controlling
enzyme concentration in the cell.
C. The regulation usually is important to the conservation of energy and
materials in cells.
D. Allosteric modulators bind non-covalently at sites other than the active
site and induce conformational changes in the enzyme.
Sample questions
Allosteric modulators seldom resemble the substrate or
product of the enzyme. What does this observation
show?
A) Modulators likely bind at a site other than the active
site.
B) Modulators always act as activators.
C) Modulators bind non-covalently to the enzyme.
D) The enzyme catalyzes more than one reaction.
Sample questions
Some enzymatic regulation is allosteric. In such cases,
which of the following would usually be found?
A) cooperativity
B) feedback inhibition
C) both activating and inhibitoryactivity
D) an enzyme with more than one subunit
E) the need for cofactors
Sample questions
Describe allosteric regulation of
enzyme activity?
An allosteric enzyme is one in which the activity of the enzyme can be
controlled by the binding of a molecule to the allosteric site, somewhere
other than the active site. Thus allosteric control of an enzyme can be
classed in two ways. A positive allosteric regulation is the binding of a
molecule to the enzyme which increase the rate of reaction. The opposite is
a negative allosteric regulation. An example for this is phosphofructokinase,
which is promoted by a high AMP concentration, and inhibited by a high ATP
concentration.
Non-covalent Interactions
Protein-Protein Interactions
Calmodulin (CALcium MODULted proteIN)
Binding of Ca++ to calmodulin changes its
shape and allows binding and activation of
certain enzymes
Sample questions
Sample questions
Protein kinases are enzymes that act on other enzymes by
adding phosphates groups. When the enzyme is
phosphorylated, it changes its activity (it becomes more
or less active, depending on the enzyme). This
regulatory mechanism of enzymatic activity is called:
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Allosteric Control
Competitive inhibition
Covalent Modification
Isozymes Modification
Zymogen activation
Glycolysis
Sample questions
Sample questions
The released energy obtained by oxidation of glucose is stored as
A. a concentration gradient across a membrane
B. ADP
C. ATP
D. NAD+
A kinase is an enzyme that
A. removes phosphate groups of substrates
B. uses ATP to add a phosphate group to the substrate
C. uses NADH to change the oxidation state of the substrate
D. removes water from a double bond
Sample questions
For every one molecule of sugar glucose which is oxidized
__________ molecule of pyruvic acid are produced.
A.1
B.2
C.3
D.4
Sample questions
Which of the following is not true of glycolysis?
A.ADP is phosphorylated to ATP via substrate level
phosphorylation
B.The pathway does not require oxygen
C.The pathway oxidizes two moles of NADH to NAD+ for each mole
of glucose that enters
D.The pathway requires two moles of ATP to get started
catabolizing each mole of glucose
Sample questions
Sample questions
Which of the following is not a mechanism for altering the flux of
metabolites through the rate-determining step of a pathway?
A. Allosteric control of the enzyme activity
B. Block active sites
C. Genetic control of the enzyme concentration
D. Covalent modification of the enzyme
Phosphofructokinase, the major flux-controlling enzyme of
glycolysis is allosterically inhibited and activated respectively by
A.ATP and PEP
B.AMP and Pi
C.ATP and ADP
D.Citrate and ATP
gluconeogenesis
Sample questions
There are four enzymes of gluconeogenesis that
circumvent the irreversible steps in glycolysis. When
starting with the substrate pyruvate or lactate they are
A. Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1,
phosphofructokinase-2 and pyruvate kinase
B. Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxykinase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and
glucose-6-phosphatase
C. Glycerol kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,
fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase
D. Amino transferase, phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxykinase, fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase, and
glucose-6-phosphatase
Sample questions
The enzymes that remove phosphate groups during the
process of gluconeogenesis and circumvent two of the
three irreversible reactions of glycolysis are
A. Pyruvate kinase and glycerol kinase
B. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glycerol
kinase
C. 3-Phosphoglycerate kinase and fructose-1,6bisphosphatase
D. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glucose-6phosphatase
Biotin: prosthetic
group -> carrier
for CO2
Sample questions
The most important control step in gluconeogenesis is fructose-1,6bisphosphatase. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT
Sample questions
Sample questions
All of the following will result in activation of glycogen
phosphorylase in skeletal muscle EXCEPT
A. Increased concentrations of AMP from contraction of
muscle
B. Increased epinephrine and cAMP
C. Increased cytosolic [Ca++]
D. Increased protein phosphatase
E. Increased activity of glycogen phosphorylase kinase
Lipid metabolism
Sample question
Sample question
A.
B.
C.
D.
Sample question
Sample question
Sample question
Sample question
Sample question
Sample question
Oxidative phosphorylation
Sample Questions
Sample Questions
Sample Questions
Almost all of the oxygen (O2) one consumes in
breathing is converted to:
A.acetyl-CoA.
B.carbon dioxide (CO2).
C.carbon monoxide and then to carbon dioxide.
D.water.
Sample Question
Sample Question
Uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative
phosphorylation:
A. allows continued mitochondrial ATP
formation, but halts O2 consumption.
B. halts all mitochondrial metabolism.
C. halts mitochondrial ATP formation, but
allows continued O2 consumption.
D. slows the conversion of glucose to
pyruvate by glycolysis.
Sample Questions
Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation
occur?
the inner membrane of the cell mitochondria
A
B
C
D
lactate
ethanol.
acetyl CoA
glucose.
Epinephrine:
A stimulates the synthesis of glycogen in
liver cells.
B has no effect on cAMP in muscle cells
C has a direct effect on the glucose
transporter in muscle cells.
D stimulates the degradation of glycogen
in muscle cells.
Oxidative phosphorylation:
A. Is anaerobic
B. Requires AMP
C. Requires the electron transport system
D. Is not dependent upon development of
a proton gradient
Matrix
H+ + NADH NAD+ + 2H+
2 e
Q
4H
2H+ + O2 H2O
III
4H
IV
cyt c
2H+
uncoupler
H+
Intermembrane Space
With uncoupler present, there is no pH or .
G for H+ ejection is zero
G for e transfer coupled to H+ ejection is maximal
(spontaneous).
Respiration proceeds in the presence of an uncoupler,
whether or not ADP is present.
A.
B
C
D
During chemiosmosis,
A. energy is released as H+ ions move across
mitochondrial membranes
B. H+ do NOT play any role in the production of ATP
molecules
C. a concentration gradient is generated when large
numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the
matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion's
intermembrane space
D. ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a
channel in ATP synthase
Sample question
The site of amino acid catabolism is the:
A. Stomach
B. Small intestine
C. Large intestine
D. Liver
Sample question
The first step in the catabolism of most amino
acids is
Sample question
Which of the following is true of urea?
A. more toxic to human cells than ammonia
B. the primary nitrogenous waste products of
humans.
C. insoluble in water
D. the primary nitrogenous waste product of
most aquatic invertebrates
Sample question
A glucogenic amino acid is one which is
degraded to
A. keto-sugars
B. either acetyl CoA or acetoacetyl CoA
C. pyruvate or citric acid cycle
intermediates
D. none of the above
Sample question
Transamination is the process where
A. carboxyl group is transferred from amino
acid
B. -amino group is removed from the amino
acid
C. polymerization of amino acid takes place
D. none of the above
Sample question
Transamination is the transfer of an amino
Sample Question
In inherited deficiency of hypoxanthine
guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
(A) De novo synthesis of purine nucleotides is
decreased
(B) Salvage of purines is decreased
(C) Salvage of purines is increased
(D) Synthesis of uric acid is decreased
Sample Question
Which of the following is a required
substrate for purine biosynthesis ?
(A) 5- methyl thymidine
(B) Ribose phosphate
(C) PRPP
(D) 5-Fluoro uracil
Sample Question
The conversion of Inosine mono phosphate
(A) To Adenosine mono phosphate (AMP) is
inhibited by Guanosine mono phosphate (GMP)
(B) To AMP requires uridine mono phosphate
(UMP)
(C) To GMP requires GMP kinase
(D) To GMP requires Glutamine
Synthesis of adenine
and guanine nucleotides
Aspartate + GTP
Ribose-P
IMP
GDP
HN
IMP dehydrogenase
NAD+
A.S.
synthetase
NADH
COO-
-OOC
NH
N
Ribose-P
Glutamine,
NAD, ATP used
in GMP
production
Aspartate, GTP
used AMP
production
HN
Ribose-P
xanthine monophosphate
XMP
Adenylosuccinate
glutamine + ATP
A.S.
lyase
fumarate
Glutamate + AMP
+ PPi
NH2
N
N
N
O
N
HN
H2N
Ribose-P
Ribose-P
AMP
GMP
DNA replication
Sample questions
Both strands of DNA serve as
templates concurrently in
A.
B.
C.
D.
replication
excision repair
mismatch repair
none of these
A.
B.
C.
D.
Helicase
DNA gyrase
Topoisomerases
DNA ligase
A.
B.
C.
D.
Trasformation
Transcription
Translation
Replication
A.
B.
C.
D.
Helicase
Synthesase
Replicase
Polymerase
A.
B.
C.
D.
DNA polymerases
Helicases
Single-stranded binding proteins
Topoisomerases
A.
B.
C.
D.
Polymerase I
Polymerase II
Polymerase III
none of these
A.
B.
C.
D.
DNA polymerase
Telomerase
Primase
DNA ligase
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Depurination
Formation of thymine dimers
Single strand break
Dehydration
Transcription
Sample questions
Which of the following enzyme is used
for synthesis of RNA under the direction
of DNA?
A.
B.
C.
D.
RNA polymerase
DNA ligase
DNA polymerase
RNA ligase
A.
B.
C.
D.
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
all of these
A.
B.
C.
D.
receptor
promoter
facilitator
terminator
A.
B.
C.
D.
a start codon
a stop codon
a terminator
all of these
A.
B.
C.
D.
a poly-U region
Rho factor
a hairpin structure
none of these
A. Cytoplasm
B. Nucleus
C.Golgi
D.Cell cytoskeleton
A.
B.
C.
D.
Translation
Sample questions
The site of protein synthesis is
A.
B.
C.
D.
Ribosome
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Chromosome
Sample questions
The structure in a bacterium that
indicates an active site for protein
synthesis is
A.
B.
C.
D.
a chromosome.
a cell membrane,
a flagellum.
a polysome.
Sample questions
Which of the following is not
necessary for protein synthesis to
occur, once transcription is
completed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
tRNA
Ribosomes
mRNA
DNA
Sample questions
During the process of translation:
A. the peptide is passed from the tRNA in the P-site to the tRNA in
the A-site.
B. incoming tRNAs must first bind to the E-site.
C. initiation begins with the binding of the ribosomal SSU to the
poly-A tail of the mRNA.
D. the mRNA is translated by one ribosome at a time.
RibosomeAssembly:takesplacelargelyinaspecializeddomainof
thenucleus,thenucleolus
A.
B.
C.
D.
proteins
RNA
both (a) and (b)
lipids
A.
B.
C.
D.
tRNA
mRNA
rRNA
All of these
he anticodon of tRNA
A.
B.
C.
D.
binds to rRNA
binds to an amino acid
binds to the Shine Dalgarno sequence
binds to an mRNA codon
A.
B.
C.
D.
InadditiontotheAPEsitesthereisanmRNAbindinggroove
thatholdsontothemessagebeingtranslated
A.
B.
C.
D.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Glycine
Proline
Thymine
Methionine
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is a gene?
A gene is a region of DNA whose final product is
either a polypeptide or an RNA molecule
Gene regulation
Sample questions
The lac repressor is a
A.
B.
C.
D.
carbohydrate.
DNA molecule.
RNA molecule.
protein molecule.
A. operator
B. upregulator
C.repressor
D.transcriptor
A. transcriptional control
B. translational control
C. posttranscriptional control
D. posttranslational control
An enhancer site is
A. part of an operon.
B. found only in prokaryotes.
C. located at a distance from the gene it
affects.
D. an attachment site for RNA
polymerase.
Sample questions
The event(s) which does not occur during
interphase, is/are
A.
B.
C.
D.
Chromatin condenses
Protein Synthesis
Organelles replication
DNA replication
The Cell
Cycle
2 major
phases
Interphase
Mitosis
A.
B.
C.
D.
Sample questions
An oncogene is
A. a viral gene with no relation to the host cell's
genes.
B. a mutated form of a proto-oncogene.
C. a bacterial gene that causes cancer in the
host.
D. a gene that turns off cellular reproduction.
Reduced or decreased
5, 3, phosphodiester
histone
ATP, ATP
In the liver, the most important coordinating modulator is fructose 2,6bisphophate (F2,6BP). It is formed from F6P by the enzyme domain,
phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2), and broken down by the same enzyme,
but at a different domain called fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2).
How does the balance of PFK-2 to FBPase-2 activity controlled by
glucagon?
repression
Triglycerides
Cholesterols
lipoproteins
phospholipids
Cholesteryl ester
RNA primer
transcription
template
double strands
single strand
substrate
dNTP
NTP
primer
yes
no
Enzyme
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
product
dsDNA
ssRNA
base pair
A-T, G-C
The whole genome of DNA needs to be replicated, but only small portion
of genome is transcribed
Template, coding
5'
3'
3'
5'