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Impurities in Water
Impurities Present
SurfaceWater
Borewell Water
SeaWater
Recycled Effluent
Suspended Solids
High
Low
Low
High
Dissolved Solids
Low
High
Very high
Variable
Organics
High
Low
High
High
Removal of suspended
dissolved impurities
De-aeration: Removal of gases,
especially dissolved oxygen
Internal Treatment: Boiler water
conditioning
suspended impurities.
/ PAC
POLYELECTROLYTE
Raw Water
Treatemnt
Turbine / Process
De-Areator
Pre-Treatment
Scheme
Boiler
Economiser
De-Areator
Raw Water
Softned Water
DE-Alakalised Water
DM
PROBLEMS
SCALING
Hardness/TDS/P04
Carbonates/Fe
CORROSION
pH/02/C02
CARRYOVER
Water Hammer/ ALK
TREATMENT BASIS
Maintaining
Scavenging
Corrosion Inhibition
Scale Inhibition/ Sludge Conditioning
Carry Over reduction
Return Line Treatment
Scaling
Solutions
Carbonate Cycle
Phosphate Cycle
Sludge Conditioners
Chelates
Importance of Blow-Down
Importance of Blow-Down
NAME
FORMULA
COMMON CAUSES
Hydroxyapatite
Ca10(OH)2PO4)6
Calcium Silicate
CaSiO3
Low alkalinity
Inadequate blow down
Gypsum
CaSO4
Serpentine
3MgO.2SiO2.2H2O
Low alkalinity
Inadequate blow down
Magnesium
Mg3(PO4)2.Mg(OH)2)
Hydroxyphosphate
Thermal Conductivity [ x 10 3 ]
CaCO3 : 2.2
Ca3(PO4)2 : 8.6
CaSO4 : 3.1
Scaling
Thermal Conductivity [ x 10 3 ]
1.4
6.9
3.6
2.4
Solutions
Phosphate based Treatment
& Polymers
SCALE INHIBITORS
Sludge
Conditioning
They
SCALE INHIBITORS
Chelation
SCALE INHIBITORS
Precipitation
PO4 cycles
SCALE INHIBITORS
Precipitation
PO4 cycles
DSP
TSP
DSP TSP
Na: P04
2.2
2:1
3:1
TSP-NaOH
2.8
Congurent Point
3
2
0
2.5
Corrosion
Mechanism of Corrosion
Anodic : Area over which metal is oxidised is Anode.
Fe + OH- = Fe (OH)2 + 2eCathodic: Area over which the oxidant material is reduced
is called Cathode. 2 e - + 02 + H20 = 20H _
CORROSION
Deaerator pressure psig
Temperature oF
212
205
197
188
178
164
148
133
218
212
204
195
186
175
162
149
227
221
215
208
200
191
180
189
237
227
220
215
208
200
190
181
239
235
230
224
218
204
196
Max. O2
content
ppm
0.7
1.4
2.2
2.9
4.3
5.0
3.6
CORROSION
Primarily caused by Dissolved oxygen
and dissolved carbon-di-oxide.
High temp & Pressure means even trace
quantities of oxygen are highly corrosive
Oxygen pitting
Caustic Gouging
High Conc of Na0H during Film Boiling
Next Stage is Caustic Embrittlement
CAUSTIC EMBRITTLEMENT
Fe3O4 + 4NaOH = 2 NaFeO2 + Na2FeO2 + H2O
(Sodium ferroate)
Fe + NaOH = Na2FeO2(Sodium Ferrite) + H2
Hydrogen Damage
Almost
all
The
hydrogen damage is
associated
with
Caustic Gauging
Chelant Corrosion
the
Flow
Dosage of chelants
if Non-Stiochiometric
Fe304 + Fe + 8H + 4 Chelant = 4 Fe(II)Chelant
+ 4 H20
Conc. Chelants can also attack magnetite layer:
Solutions
Oxygen Scavengers
Carbon-dioxide scavengers
Proper Treatment chemicals
OXYGEN SCAVENGERS
Tannins
- Tannin chemisorb
Oxygen Molecules
OXYGEN SCAVENGERS
Sulphites
/bisulphites
Hydrazine10.0
Tannins 8.0
N2H4 + 02
N2
Na2S03 + 02
+ 2H20
Na2S04
Hydrazine
Catalysed Hydrazine
D.O.
ppm
6.0
4.0
2.0
Sulphite
Catalysed Sulphite
10
20
OXYGEN SCAVENGERS
Hydrazine
D.O. 4.0
ppm
DEHA
Catalysed DEHA
2.0
10
20
Carry over
Priming / Foaming
Priming : Mechanical reasons
- Faulty steam
separators
Load fluctuation
- Water level fluctuation
Sudden steam demand
Foaming
Carry over :
- Chemical reasons
Solutions
Antifoam for Carryover problems
CARRY OVER
Cut
Silica
Silica Volatilisation
Max Pr
[ psi ]
Silica
Steam
500
0.02
1000
0.06
1500
0.3
2000
1.4
2500
3000
25
BW-Silica:50ppm
Silica Volatilisation
Max Pr Max-BW
[ psi ]
Silica
500
40
pH
600
35
750
30
12
0.55
900
20
11
0.77
1000
10
10
1.02
1500
1.25
2000
1.48
1.73
AMINE TECHNOLOGY
Drawbacks of Conventional
Technology
CHEMICALS
TSP
Hydrazine
CHA
Sulphite
Polymer Based
Caustic
DRAWBACKS
Addition of TDS
Carcinogenic, High
initiation temperature
Volatile, High DR
TDS addition, requires
catalyst
Unstable
Caustic alkalinity,
foaming, TDS addition
Amine Technology
FORMULA
RATIO
Ammonia
NH3
1 : 7 10
Cyclohexylamine
C6 H13N
1 : 2.6
Morpholine
C4H9NO
1 : 0.48
Aminomethyl
propanol
(CH3)2.C(NH2).CH2OH
1 : 0.30
Diethylamino ethanol
(C2H5) 2.NCHCH2OH
1 : 1.45
Diethylhydroxylamine
(C2H5) 2.NOH
1 : 1.26
Pretreatment A Must
De-alkalisation / De-Mineralisation + Deaeration
Triangular
AMINE FILM
R
R
R
Square
WATER
METAL
SURFACE
LEGEND
R
N
MOLECULE
N+
R-
1A0
5A0
= AMINE
= AMINO GROUP
= ALKYL GROUP
Oxygen
12A0
Carbon Dioxide
14A0
DEHA
V/s
FILMING
AMINE
+ A.V.T.
+ L.P. DOSING
+ DEHA+ AMINE BLEND
RECOMMENDED
+ A.V.T.
+ L.P. DOSING
+ SINGLE
FORMULATION
+ SCAVENGES
OXYGEN
DOES NOT
SCAVENGES
OXYGEN
+ ENSURES pH OF
CONDENSATE = 8.4
approx.
+ THERMALLY STABLE
+ LOW DOSAGE
REQUIRED
+ ENSURES pH OF
CONDENSATE = 8.4
approx.
+ THERMALLY STABLE
HIGHER DOSAGE
REQUIRED
D.E.H.A.
D.O.,ppm
10.0
8.0
6.0
Catalysed Hydrazine
4.0
2.0
Catalysed DEHA
Catalysed Sulphite
1.0
Time Minutes
2.0
3.0
TOTAL SOLUTION
GOOD PRE-TREATMENT SCHEME
WITH AMINE TREATMENT
D.E.H.A.
NEUTRALISING AMINES
DISPERSING AMINES
PH BUFFERING AMINES
Phosphate as Contigency
BOILER PRECAUTIONS
Boil out.
Removes Mill scales, Greese, oil, rust
etc..
Prevents on line operational problems
of the boiler.
Prevents Film Boiling and Hot Spots.
Boiler Preservation
Dry
Preservation:
For very long periods e.g 6 and
more months.Metal Loss is High.
Wet Preservation:
For Short periods e.g Below 6
months.Metal Loss is low.
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