Assessing Writing

Group 4
1200990Annisa Iman Sari
1201026Fairistya Embryany
1201027Syarifatul Aini Irmy
1201030Mustika Ramadhani
1201037Desy Jumiarti

Genre of Written Language

Letters, e-mails,

Academic
Writing

Paper and general

subject reports
Essays,
compositions
Academically
focused journals
Short-answer test
responses
Technical reports
(e.g., lab reports)
Theses,
dissertations

Job-related
Writing

Messages (e.g.,
phone messages)
Letters/ e-mails
Memos (e.g.,
interoffice)
Reports (e.g., job
evaluations, project
reports)
Schedules, labels,
signs
advertisements,
announcements
Manuals

Personal
greeting
cards,
invitations
Writing
Messages, notes
Calendar entries,
shopping lists,
reminders
Financial documents
( e.g., checks, Tax
forms, loan
applications)
Forms,
questionnaires,
medical Reports,
immigration
documents
Diaries, personal
journals

Types of Writing Performance

Imitative
To produce written language, the learners must attain skills in fundamental, basic task of writing
To produce written language, the learners must attain skills in fundamental, basic task of writing
letters, words, punctuations, and brief sentences.
letters, words, punctuations, and brief sentences.

Intensive
(controlled)
beyond he fundamentals of imitative writing are skills in producing appropriate vocabulary within a
beyond he fundamentals of imitative writing are skills in producing appropriate vocabulary within a
context, collocations, and idioms, ad correct grammatical features up to the length of a sentence.
context, collocations, and idioms, ad correct grammatical features up to the length of a sentence.

Responsive
require learners to perform at a limited discourse level, connecting sentences into a paragraph and
require learners to perform at a limited discourse level, connecting sentences into a paragraph and
creating a logically connected sequence of two or three paragraph. The writer has mastered the
creating a logically connected sequence of two or three paragraph. The writer has mastered the
fundamentals of sentences- level grammar and is more focused on the discourse conventions.
fundamentals of sentences- level grammar and is more focused on the discourse conventions.

Extensive
Implies successful management of all the processes and strategies of writing for all purposes, up
Implies successful management of all the processes and strategies of writing for all purposes, up
to the length of an essay, a term paper, a major research project report, or even thesis.
to the length of an essay, a term paper, a major research project report, or even thesis.

Micro- and Macroskills of

Writing
Microskills:
Microskills:

1. Produce graphemes and orthographic patterns of English.

1. Produce graphemes and orthographic patterns of English.
2. Produce writing at an efficient rate of speed to suit the purpose
2. Produce writing at an efficient rate of speed to suit the purpose
3. produce an acceptable core of words and use appropriate word order patterns.
3. produce an acceptable core of words and use appropriate word order patterns.
4. use acceptable grammatical systems (e.g., tense, agreement, pluralization),
4. use acceptable grammatical systems (e.g., tense, agreement, pluralization),
patterns, and rules.
patterns, and rules.
5. Express a particular meaning in different grammatical forms
5. Express a particular meaning in different grammatical forms
6. use cohesive devices in written discourse.
6. use cohesive devices in written discourse.

Macroskills:
7. Use the rhetorical forms and conventions of written discourse
8. Appropriately accomplish the communicative functions of written texts according
to form and purpose.
9. Convey links and connections between events and communicate such relation
as main idea, supporting idea, new information, generalization, exemplification.
10. Distinguish between literal and implied meanings when writing
11. Correctly convey culturally specific references in the context of the written text
12. Develop and use battery of writing strategies, such as accurately assessing
the audiences interpretation, using prewriting devices, writing with fluency in the
first drafts, using paraphrases and synonyms, etc.

Designing Assessment Task:

Imitative Writing
Taskinin[Hand-]
[Hand-]
Task
WritingLetters,
Letters,
Writing
Words,and
and
Words,
Punctuation
Punctuation
Copying
The test-takers copy
the letters or words
that they read

Listening Cloze
Selection Task
These task combine
dictation with a
written script that
has a relatively
frequent deletion

Taskinin[Hand-]
[Hand-]
Task
WritingLetters,
Letters,
Writing
Words,and
and
Words,
Punctuation
Punctuation
Picture-cued
Tasks
The test-takers
are told to write
the word that
picture
represents.

Form
completion
Tasks
A variation on
pictures is the
use of a simple
form that asks
for name,
address, phone
number, and
other data.

Converting numbers
and abbreviations to
words
The test-taker
are directed to
write out the
numbers, days
of the week,
months, and
words.

Spelling Test
The teacher dictates a simple list of words, one word at a
time, followed by the words in a sentence, repeated again,
with the pause for test-takers to write the words.

Spelling
Spelling
Tasks
Tasksand
and
Detecting
Detecting
PhonemePhonemeGrapheme
Grapheme
Correspon
Correspon
dences
dences

Picture-cued Tasks
Pictures are displayed with the objective of focusing on
familiar words whose spelling may be unpredictable.

Multiple-choice techniques
Presenting words and phrases in the form of multiple choice
task risks crossing over into the domain of assessing reading,
but if the items have a follow up writing component, they can
serve as a formative reinforcement of spelling conventions.

Matching phonetic Symbols

the test-takers are shown phonetic symbols and ask to write
the correctly spelled word alphabetically.

Example
Vocabulary Assessment Tasks
>>> 1. Write two sentences, A and B. In each sentence,
use the two words given.
A. accept, invitation ________________________________
B. accept, consequences _____________________________
>>> 2. Write three words that can fill in the blank.
He takes _____________

i. ________________

ii. ________________
iii. ________________

 Short-answer and Sentence-completion Tasks

>>> 1. Fill the blank correctly.
A: Which one do you prefer, the blue one or the grey one?
B: ___________________________ than the grey one.
A: Why? It is your favorite color?
B: Correct. __________________
>>> 2. Write three sentences to describe your close friend, a)her/his
hair, face, skin, tall, b) her/his characters, c) her/his favorite food.
a.)______________________________________________
b.)______________________________________________
c.)______________________________________________

Reports (lab reports, project

summaries, article,/book reports
Conform to a conventional format. (for this case, field)
Convey the purpose, goal, or main idea
Organize details logically and sequentially
State conclusions or findings
Use appropriate vocabulary and jargon for the specific
case

Summaries of
readings/lectures/videos
Effectively capture the main and supporting ideas of the
original
Maintain objectivity in reporting
Use writers own words for the most part
Use quotations effectively when appropriate
Omit irrelevant or marginal details
Conform to an expected length

Responses to
readings/lectures/videos
Accurately reflect the message or meaning of the
original
Appropriately select supporting ideas to respond to
Express the writers own opinion
Defend or support that opinion effectively
Conform to an expected length

Narration, description,
persuasion/argument, and exposition
Follow expected conventions for each type of writing
Convey purpose, goal, or main idea
Use effective writing strategies
Demonstrate syntactic variety and rhetorical fluency

Interpreting statistical, graphic, or

tabular data
Provide an effective global, overall description of the
data
Organize the details in clear, logical language
Accurately convey details
Appropriately articulate relationship among elements of
the data
Convey specialized or complex data comprehensibly to
a lay reader
Interpret beyond the data when appropriate

Library research paper

State purpose or goal of the research
Include appropriate citations and references in correct
format
Accurately represents others research findings
Inject writer's own interpretations, when appropriate,
and justifies it
Include suggestions for further research
Sum up findings in a conclusion

Standardized Tests of Responsive

Writing
T
O
EF
L
IELTS

iB
T
T
W
E

MELAB

Scoring Methods for Responsive and

Extensive Writing

Holistic Scoring
Advantages

Disadvantages

Fast evaluation

One score masks differences across the

subs kills within each score

Relatively high inter-rater reliability

No diagnostic information is available (no

wash back potential)

The fact that scores represent standards

that are easily interprets by lay persons

The scale may not apply equally well to all

genres of writing

The fact that scores tend to emphasize the

writer strength

Raters need to be extensively trained to

use the scale accurately

Applicability to writing across many

different disciplines

Primary Trait Scoring

A primary trait score would asses:
1. The accuracy of the account of the original
2. The clarity of the steps of the procedures an the final
results
3. The description of the main features of the graph
4. The expression of the writers opinion

Spelling Tasks and Detecting

Phoneme-Grapheme
Correspondences
Test-takers read:

Choose the word with the correct spelling to fit the sentence, then
write the word in the space provided.

1. Andy dropped a ______ into the mailbox. He sent it for

his friends in Bali.
Letter.
Card.
Paper.
Mail box.

Dictation and Dicto-Comp [L, W]

Test-takers read:
Your teacher will read a paragraph, then try to re-write
the Last
paragraph.
week Mr. Jones was absent, because he

was ill. So the boys had no French lessons. On

Tuesday and Wednesday Mr. took them instead,
and on Thursday and Saturday they had extra
periods for private study.

Short-Answer and SentenceCompletion Tasks

Limited response writing tasks (R,W)
1. Kathy: Where is Claire?
Jack: ________________ canteen.
Kathy: I see. What are you doing Jack?
Jack: ________________ a novel.

2. Tony: ____________________?
Hani: I am from Tunisia.

ISSUES IN ASSESSING RESPONSIVE AND

EXTENSIVE WRITING

Authentic
ity

Scoring

Time

DESIGNING ASSESSMENT TASKS:

RESPONSIVE AND EXTENSIVE WRITING

Paraphrasing
Guided Question and
Answer
Paragraph Construction
Tasks

 In paragraph construction tasks, there are different

forms of assessment
of paragraph
development:
1.Topic sentence
writing. The
assessment consists of :
a.Specifying the writing of a topic
sentence
b.Scoring points for its presence or
absence
c.Scoring and/or commenting on its
effectiveness in stating topic

2. Topic development within a paragraph. The

assessment consists of :
a.The clarity of expressions of ideas
b.The logic of the sequence and the connections
c.The cohesiveness or unity of the paragraph
d.The overall effectiveness or impact of the paragraph as
a whole

3. Development of main and supporting ideas across

paragraphs. The assessment consists of :
a. Addressing the topic, main idea, or principal purpose
b. Organizing and developing supporting ideas
c. Using appropriate details to undergrid supporting ideas
d. Showing facility and fluency in the use of language
e. Demonstrating syntactic variety

Strategic Option
Attending to
task
Attending to
genre

Designing Assessment Tasks:

Intensive(controlled) writing
Controlled writing is taught as :
Form-focused writing
Grammar writing
Simply guided writing
Display writing : student produce language to display
their competence in their grammar, vocabulary or
sentence formation and not necessarily to convey
meaning for an authentic purpose.

Dictation and Dicto-Comp

Dictation can be classified as :
Imitative type of writing
Controlled (intensive) form of writing
Dicto-Comp : is a form of controlled writing related to
dictation and can be classified as an intensive writing
task.
Step in using Dicto-Comp:
A paragraph is read at normal speed, students rewrite
the paragraph.
After reading, handout with the key words from the

Grammatical Transformation
Tasks
Numerous version of the tasks to measure grammatical
competence:
Change the tense in a paragraph
Change full forms of verbs to reduced
forms(contractions)
Change statements to yes/no or wh- questions
Change question into statements
Combine two sentences into one using a relative
pronoun
Change direct speech into indirect speech

Picture Cued Tasks

Short sentences
Picture description
Picture sequence description
The main advantage in this technique is in detaching the
almost ubiquitous reading and writing connection and
offering instead a nonverbal means to stimulate written
responses. These kind of tasks are also designed to be
controlled.

Vocabulary Assessment Tasks

Reading recognition of
vocabulary:
Multiple choice
techniques
Matching
Picture-cued identification
Cloze techniques
Guessing a meaning of a
word in context

The major techniques that is

used :
Defining
Using a word in a sentence

Ordering Tasks
Words into sentences
Sentences into a good paragraph
This kind of task can be a challenge to task-takers whose
learning styles do not dispose them to logicalmathematical problem solving.

1. What is the boy

doing?

2. What is the boy

doing?

3. What is the boy

doing?

Analytic Scoring
Brown and Bailey (1984) designed an analytical scoring scale that
specified five major categories and a description of five different
levels in each category.
Analytical scoring profile, in which five slightly different categories
were given the following point values:
Content
30
Organization 20
Vocabulary
20
Syntax
25
Mechanic 5
Total
100
Analytical scoring of compositions offers writers a little more
washback then a single holistic or primary trait score.

Beyond Scoring: Responding to Extensive

Writing
Designers of writing tests
are charged with the task of
providing as objective a scoring procedure as possible.
Most writing specialists agree that the best way to teach
writing is a hands-on approach that stimulates students
output and then generates a series of self-assessment, peerediting and revision, and teacher response and
conferencing.
To give the student the maximum benefit of assessment, it
is important to consider:
Earlier stages (from free writing to the first draft or
two)
Later stages (revising and finalizing) of producing a

Assessing Initial Stages of the Process of

Composing
1. Focus your efforts primarily on meaning, main idea, and
organization.
2. Comment on the introductory paragraph.
3. Make general comments about the clarity of main idea and logic or
appropriateness of the organization.
4. As a rule of thumb, ignore minor (local) grammatical and lexical
errors.
5. Indicate what appear to be major (global) error (e.g., by underlining
the text in question) but allow the writer to make corrections.
6. Do not rewrite questionable, ungrammatical, or awkward
sentences; rather, probe with a question about meaning.
7. Comment on features that appear to be irrelevant to the topic.

Assessing Later Stages of the Process of

Composing

1. Comment on the specific clarity and strength of all main ideas and
supporting ideas and on argument and logic.
2. Call attention minor (local) grammatical and mechanical (spelling,
punctuation) errors but direct the writer to self correct.
3. Comment on any further word choices and expressions that may
not be awkward but are not as clear or direct as the could be.
4. Point out any problems with cohesive devices within and across
paragraphs.
5. If appropriate, comment on documentation, citation of sources,
evidence, and other support.
6. Comment on the adequacy and strength of the conclusion.