TRIMAS

MANALU

ISOLATION

GUSRINI
NELDA
EVIYANTI
SEPTIAN
MUHAMMAD

TEKNIK AKUISISI DATA

WHEN ISOLATION IS
REQUIRED

Frequently, data acquisition system inputs must measure low-level

signals where relatively high voltages are common, such as in motor
controllers, transformers, and motor windings. In these cases, isolation
amplifiers can measure low-level signals among high common-mode
voltages, break ground loops, and eliminate source ground
connections without subjecting operators and equipment to the high
voltage. They also provide a safe interface in a hospital between a
patient and a monitor or between the source and other electronic
instruments and equipment. Yet other applications include precision
bridge isolation amplifiers, photodiode amplifiers, multiple-port
thermocouple and summing amplifiers, and isolated 4 to 20 mA
current-control loops.

ISOLATION AMPLIFIERS

Isolation amplifiers are divided into input and output

sections, galvanically isolated from each other. Several
techniques provide the isolation; the most widely used
include capacitive, inductive, and optical means. The isolation
voltage rating is usually 1,200 to 1,500 Vac, at 60 Hz with a
typical input signal range of 10 V. They normally have a high
isolation mode rejection (IMR) ratio of around 140 dB.
Because the primary job of relatively low-cost amplifiers is to
provide isolation, many come with unity gain. But more
expensive
units
are
available
with
adjustable
or
programmable gains. (See Figure 5.20.)

One benefit of an isolation

amplifier is that it eliminates
ground loops. The input sections
signal-return,
or
common
connection is isolated from the
output signal ground connection.
Also,
two
different
power
supplies are used, Vcc1 and
Vcc2, one for each section, which
further
helps
isolate
the
amplifiers. (See Figure 5.21.)

ANALOG
ISOLATION
MODULES

Analog isolation amplifiers use all three types of isolation between

input and output sections: capacitive, optical, and magnetic. One type
of capacitively coupled amplifier modulates the input signal and
couples it across a capacitive barrier with a value determined by the
duty cycle. (See Figure 5.22.) The output section demodulates the
signal, restores it to the original analog input equivalent, and filters the
ripple component, which resulted from the demodulation process. After
the input and output sections of the integrated circuit are fabricated, a
laser trims both stages to precisely match their performance
characteristics. Then they are mounted on either end of the package
separated by the isolation capacitors. Although the schematic diagram
of the isolation amplifier looks quite simple, it can contain up to 250 or

Another isolation amplifier optically

couples the input section to the output
section through an LED transmitter and
receiver pair as shown in Figure 5.23.
An ADC converts the input signal to a
time-averaged bit stream and transmits
it to the output section via the LED. The
output section converts the digital
signal back to an analog voltage and
filters it to remove the ripple voltage.

Magnetically coupled isolation amplifiers come in two types. One

contains hybrid toroid transformers in both the signal and power
paths, and the other contains one coil that transmits the signal across
a barrier to a giant magneto resistor (GMR) bridge circuit. (See Figure
5.24A.)
In the transformer type, Figure 5.24B, the rectified output of a
pulse generator (T1) supplies power to the input and output stages
(T3).
Another winding of the transformer (T2) operates a modulator and
demodulator that carry the signal across the barrier. It provides from
1,000 to 3,500 Vdc isolation among the amplifiers three grounds, as
well as an isolated output signal equal to the input signal with total
galvanic isolation between input and output terminals.

The second type, the giant magneto resistor amplifier uses the same
basic technology as does high-speed hard disc drives. The coil
generates a magnetic field with strength proportional to its input
drive current signal, and the dielectric GMR amplifies and conditions
it. Ground potential variations at the input do not generate current so
they are not detected by the magneto resistor structure. As a result,
the output signal equals the input signal with complete galvanic
isolation. These units are relatively inexpensive, and can withstand
from 1,000 to 3,500 Vdc. Full-power signal frequency response is less
than 2 kHz, but small signal response is as much as 30 kHz.

DIGITAL METHOD
OF ISOLATION

Digital isolation packages are similar in many respects to analog

amplifiers. They transmit digital data across the isolation barrier at
rates up to 80 Mbaud, and some can be programmed to transmit data
in either direction, that is, through input to output or output to input
terminals. Data, in the form of complementary pulses, couple across
the barrier through high-voltage capacitors or air-core inductors.
Faraday shields usually surround the inductors or capacitors to
prevent false triggering from external fields. The receiver restores the
pulses to the original standard logic levels. As with analog amplifiers,
the power supplies for each section are also galvanically isolated. (See
Figure 5.25.)

INHERENTLY
ISOLATED
SENSORS

In addition to directly measuring voltage, current, and resistance,

which require some
degree of isolation, certain sensors that measure other quantities are
inherently isolated by virtue of their construction or principle of
operation. The most widely used sensors measure position, velocity,
pressure, temperature, acceleration, and proximity. They also use a
number of different devices to measure these quantities, including
potentiometers, LVDTs (linear variable differential transformers), optical
devices, Hall-effect devices, magnetic devices, and semiconductors.

Hall-effect devices, for example, measure

magnetic fields, and are electrically insulated
from the magnetic source that they are
designed to measure. The insulation may be
air or another material such as plastic or
ceramic, and the arrangement essentially
isolates them from ground loops and high
voltages. Figures 5.26A and B illustrate two
applications
where
Hall-effect
devices
measure speed.
The first senses the alternating magnetic
field directly from the revolving wheel. In the
second application, a permanent magnet
sitting behind the Hall effect device supplies
the magnetic field. The gear teeth passing
by the unit disturb the field, and the Hall
device senses the resulting fluctuations. In
addition, Figure 4.08. shows a third example,
where the Hall-effect device is used in a
wattmeter circuit.

Current transformers and potential transformers for measuring ac

voltage and current are also inherently isolated between primary and
secondary windings. (See Figure 5.27.) Transformer insulation between
primary and secondary can be made to with stand thousands of volts
and have extremely low leakage values. The turns ratio also is easy to
select for stepping down a high voltage to a lower standard voltage of
5 to 10 Vac.
Other sensors include magnetic pickups composed of wire coils
wound around a permanent magnetic core. A ferrous metal passing
over one end of the coil disturbs the magnetic flux and generates a
voltage at the coil terminals. The sensor does not require a separate
power supply, and the output voltage is typically small enough to
require only ordinary signal conditioners. (See Figure 5.28.)
Piezoelectric materials and strain gages are typically used for
measuring acceleration, and are inherently isolated from the objects
on which they are mounted by virtue of their protective housings.
High-voltage insulation and magnetic shielding may be added to the
mounting base if needed in some rare applications.

REFERENCE

Data Azquisition Handbook. A Reference for DAQ and Analog Digital Signal Conditioning.

THANK YOU

FT UMRAH
Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji
Rabu, 26 Oktober 2016