HARDWARE FEATURES OF

8051 AND
PROGRAMMING.

I/O port programming :

PORT 0 :
PORT 0 occupies a total of 8 pins
( from pin number 32 to 39 )
It can be used for I/P or O/P .
To use the pins of port zero as a both I/P or O/P
port each pin must be connected externally to a 10k
pull up resistor .

PORT 0 as I/P port :

In order to make PORT 0 as I/P

port the port must be
programmed by writing 1 to all
the bits then these data is
received from the port

If PORT 0 bits are reset

then it can be used as
O/P port.

Ex .
MOV A , #FFH
MOV P0 , A
MOV A , P0

PORT 0 as O/P
port :

Ex .
MOV A , #00H
MOV P0 , A

Dual role of PORT 0 :

P0 is also used for both address and

data .
P0 provides both data and address by
using single ALE when
ALE = 0 it provides data D0 to D7 and
when ALE = 1 it provides address A0
to A7 .

P0RT 1:

Port 1 occupies total of 8 pin ( pin 1 to

8)
It can be used as I/P or O/P port .
These port does not need any pull up
resistors since it already has pull up
resistors internally.

Port 1 can be used as

To make port 1 it must be
programmed by writing 1 to Ex :
o/p port by resetting
all its bits.
MOV A,# FFH

Ex :

port 1 .

MOV P1, A

EX
:
BACK :MOV
A,P1
MOV A,# FFH
MOV P2,A
SJMP BACK
MOV P1, A

MOV A,P1

MOV A , #00H
MOV P2 ,A

PORT 2 :

Port 2 occupies total of 8 pins ( pin no

21 to 28 ) .
It can be used as I/P or O/P port just
like P1 P2 does not need any pull up
resistor since it already has pull up
resistors internally.
Upon reset port 2 can be used as
o/p port .

PORT 2

PORT 2 as I/P
port :

To make port 2 as I/P port it must

be programmed by writing one to
all its bits . Then data is received
from that port and it is sent to port
1.

EX :
MOV A, # FFH
MOV P2 ,A
MOV A,P2

PORT 2 as O/P
port :

If PORT 2 bits are reset then it

can be used as O/P port.

EX :
MOV A , #00H
MOV P2 ,A

Dual role of part 2:

P2 must be used along with port 0 to

provide 16 bit address for the external
memory i.e. from A8 to A15
Here P0 provide A0 to A7& P2 provide
A8 to A15 .

PORT 3 :

Port 3 occupies total of 8 pins from 10

to 17.
It can be used as I/P or O/P port .
P3 does not need any pull up resistor
as its already it is built inside .
Upon reset port 3 is considered as O/P
port .

PORT 3 as I/P
port :

To make port 3 as I/P port it

must be programmed by
writing one to all its bits .

Ex :
MOV A , #FFH
MOV P3 , A
MOV A , P3

If PORT 3 bits are reset then it

can be used as O/P port.

Ex :

MOV A , #00H

MOV P3 , A

MOV P0,A

PORT 3 as O/P
port :

DUAL ROLE OF PORT 3 :

T o make port 3 has additional function of

providing an extremely important signals,
they are,

P3.0 RXD
P3.1 TXD
P3.2 INTO
P3.3 INTO
P3.4 T0
P3.5 T1
P3.6 Wr
P3.7 Rd

TIMER/COUNTER
PROGRAMMING IN 8051 :

TMOD Register.

GATE 1

C/T 1

M1

M0

GATE 0

C/T 0

M1

M0

M1
0
0

M0
0
1

MODE
0
1

DESCRIPTION

8-BIT AUTO
RELOAD

SPLIT MODE

13-BIT TIMER
16-BIT TIMER

Find the value for TMOD register if we want

to program timer 0 in MOD 2.

TIMER/COUNTER PROGRAMMING
IN 8051 :

Indicate which mode and which timer are selected

for each of the following .

1.MOV TMOD , #01H

2.MOV TMOD , #12H

ANSWER

1.MOD 1 of timer 0 is used

2.MOD 2 of timer 0 and MOD 1 of
timer 1 are used .

CHARACTERISTICS OF MODE 1
PROGRAMMING :

It is a 16 bit timer values from 0000H to FFFFH can be

loaded .
After TH and TL register are loaded timer is started by
using instructions
SETB TR0 or
SETB TR1
When timer rolls over from FFFFH to 0000H it sets high on
TF flag is equal to one timer will be stopped by using
instruction
CLR TR0 OR
CLR TR1
In order to repeat the process TH and TL must be
reloaded .

Steps to program timer in mode

1:
1) Load TMOD register indicating which timer is used and which mode is
used .
2) Load registers TH and TL with initial count value .
3) Start the timer ( SETB TRO and SETB TR1 ).
4) Keep monitoring the timer flag TF by using instruction : JNB TF1 , target to
see weather the TF flag is set .
5) Stop the timer by using instruction CLR TR0 or CLR TR1
If TF is set .
6) Clear TF flag for the next round by using instruction CLR TFO or
CLR TF1.
7) Go back to step to load TH and TL again .

Program to illustrate mode 1

operation :

Write a program to create square wave of 50% duty cycle on the P1.5 bit .
MOV TMOD , #01
HERE : MOV TL0 , #16H
MOV TH0 , #FFH
CPL P1.5

ACALL DELAY

SJMP HERE

DELAY : SETB TR0

AGAIN : JNB TF0 , AGAIN

CLR TR0

CLR TF0

RET

Timer 0 , Mode 1

Characteristics of mode 2 programming

:

It is a 8 bit timer , Therefore only values of 00H to FFH to be loaded

into the timers register TH .

After TH is loaded with 8 bit value the 8051 gives a copy of it to TL .

Then the timer must be started .

After the timer is started it starts to count down by Decrementing the

TL register .

When the TL register value from FFH to 00 then TF is set . TL is

reloaded automatically with the original .

To repeat the same process we must simply clear TF and let it go

without any need by the programmer to reload the original value ( i.e.
auto reloading )

Steps to program in mode 2 :

1)Load the TMOD value register indicating which timer

is to be used and timer mode is selected .

2)Load the TH register with the initial count value .

3)Start the timer SETB TR0 .

4)Keep monitoring the timer flag ( TF ) with the

JNB TF0 , target instruction to see weather it is set .

5)Get out of loop when TF goes high .

6)Clear the TF flag for the next round .

7)Go back to step 4 , since mode 2 is auto reload .

Counter programming :

For the timer or counter when it is used as a timer the 8051

crystal is used as the source of the frequency
When timer or counter is used as a counter ,it is a pulse
outside the 8051 is used as the source of frequency .
Timer in the counter mode C/T bit of TMOD register will be
one .So when C/T bit = 1 the counter counts up as pulse are
fed from pin 14 and 15 these pins are called as T0 and T1.
T0 and T1 pins belong to port 3 ,
When C/T = 1 and if counter 0 is used then pin P3.4 provides
the clock pulses and counter counts up for each clock pulse
coming from that pin.
Similarly for counter one when C/T = 1,each clock pulse
coming from pin P3.5 makes the counter to count up.

8051 INTERRUPTS

A single microcontroller can serve

several devices . There are 2 ways to
do that
INTERRUPTS
POLLING

Difference between Interrupts and polling :

INTERRUPT
1)If Interrupts are used

POLLING
1) Polling can monitor the

microcontroller can serve

many device, can get attention

status of several devices

and serve each of them

of microcontroller based on
the priority assigned to it .
This does not lead to the
wastage of microcontroller time

as certain conditions are

met . This leads to the
wastage of mc time.

INTERRUPT
2)Interrupts can be assigned
Priority .

3)interrupt method
Microcontroller can ignore
a device request for service

POLLING
2) In this method it is not
possible to assign priority
since it checks all devices
in a round robin fashion .
3) This is not possible in
polling .

Interrupt service routine.

For every Interrupt there must be an

interrupt service routine (I S R ) .
When an interrupt is invoked the
microcontroller runs the I S R .
For every interrupt there is a fixed location
in memory that holds the address of its I S R
The group of memory locations set aside to
hold the address of I S RS is called the
interrupt vector table .

Steps in executing an interrupt :

Upon activation of an interrupt the microcontroller goes through the

following steps.

It finishes the instruction it is executing and saves the address of the next
instruction on the stack .
It also saves the current status of all the interrupts internally .
It jumps to a fixed location in memory called the interrupt vector table that
holds the address of the I S R .
The microcontroller gets the address of the I S R from the interrupt
vector table and jumps to it .
It starts to execute the interrupt service subroutine until it reaches the last
instruction of the subroutine which is RETI ( Return from the interrupt ).
Upon executing the RETI instruction , The microcontroller returns to the
place where it was interrupted . First it gets the program counter ( P C )
address from the stack by popping the top two bytes of the stack into the
P C . Then it starts to execute from that address .

Six Interrupts in the 8051 :

1. Reset :
When Reset pin is activated the 8051 jumps to
address location 0000 .
Two interrupts are set aside for the timers .
One for timer 0 and one for timer 1( TF0 & TFI)
Two interrupts are set aside for external hardware
interrupts . Pin no. 12(P3.2) and 13(P3.3) are for
the external hardware interrupts INT0 and INT1 .
Serial communication has a single interrupt that
belongs to both receive and transfer .(TI &RI)

Interrupt vector table for the 8051 :

INTERRUPT
RESET
INT0
INT1
Timer 0 interrupt (TF0)
Timer 1 interrupt (TF1)
Serial comm. Interrupt (RI & TI)

ROM location
0000
0003
0013
000B
001B
0023

PIN
9
12
13
-

Enabling and disabling an Interrupt :

The interrupts must be enabled by the software in order for

the microcontroller to respond to them .

There is a register called IE (Interrupt enable) that is

responsible for enabling and disabling the interrupts.

IE is a bit addressable register .

EA

ET2 ES

ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0

EA

- ET2 ES

ET1 EX1 ET0 EX0

1.EA (D7) If EA = 0 , All interrupts are disabled .

If EA = 1 , All interrupts are enabled.

2. D6 (IE6) not used .

3.ET2 (IE5) If ET2 = 0 , disables timer 2 overflow interrupt

If ET2 = 1 , enables timer 2 overflow interrupt

4.ES (IE4) If ES = 0 , disables serial port interrupt .
If ES = 1 , enables serial port interrupt .

5.ET1 (IE3) Enables or disables timer 1 overflow interrupt .

6.EX1 (IE2) Enables or disables external interrupt 1.

7.ET0 (IE1) Enables or disables timer 0 overflow interrupt .

8. EXO (IE0) Enables or disables external interrupt 0 .

Steps in enabling an interrupt are :

1.Bit D7 of IE register i.e. EA must be set to high to

allow the reset of registers to take effect .

2.If EA = 1 , interrupts are enabled and will respond to

if the corresponding bits in IE are high .

3.If EA = 0 , no interrupts will be responded to , Even if

the associated bits in IE register is high .

Programming timer interrupts :

The timer flag (TF) is raised when the timer rolls over .

If the timer interrupt in the IE register is enabled , Whenever the timer rolls
over , TF is raised and microcontroller is interrupted and jumps to the
interrupt vector table .

In this way the microcontroller can do other things until it is notified that
the timer has rolled over .

Programming external hardware

interrupts :

The 8051 has two external hardware interrupts they are INT0 and INT1 .

They are INT0 and INT1 .

They are located on pins P3.2 of port3 respectively .

They are enabled and disabled using the IE register.

There are two activation levels for the external hardware interrupts.

Level triggered

Edge triggered

Level Triggered Interrupt:In the level triggered mode , INTO & INT1 pins are

normally high.

If low signal is applied to them , it triggers the interrupt .

The low level signal at the INT pin must be removed before the execution of the
last instruction of ISR i.e. RETI, otherwise another interrupt will be generated.

Edge triggered Interrupts:-

In edge triggered interrupts the external source must be

held high for a least one machine cycle and then held low for at
least one machine cycle .
To make INTO & INT1 interrupts as edge triggered interrupts ,
we must program the bits of the TCON register.

T F 1 T R 1 T F 0 T R 0 IE 1
07
IE 1 External interrupt one edge flag.

IT 1

IE 0

IT 0
00

set by CPU when external Interrupt ( H to L transition ) is detected. Cleared by CPU

when interrupt processed.

IT 1 Interrupt 1 type control bit.

used .

IE 0 External interrupt 0 edge flag.

Set by CPU when external interrupt (H to L transition) is detected.

Set or cleared by software to specify edge or level triggered external interrupt is

Cleared by CPU when interrupt is processed.

IT 0 Interrupt 0 type control bit.
used.

Set or cleared by software to specify edge / low level triggered external interrupt is

If IT0 & IT1 both are 0s , means that the IT0 & INT1 pins are low level triggered .
If both these bits are high , it means that INT0 & INT1 are edge triggered.

Interrupt Priority in the 8051

When 8051 is powered up , the priorities are assigned according as shown

below

Priority
Interrupt
6
TF2
5
RI & TI
4
TF1
3
INT 1
2
TF 0
1
INT 0
If interrupts INT 0 , TF 0 , & INT 1 are activated at the same time , then 8051
checks all five interrupts according to sequence . If any is activated it service it
in sequence . Therefore when above three interrupts are activated , INT 0 is
serviced first , then timer 0 ( TF 0) and finally INT1 is serviced.

Setting interrupt priority with the IP ( Interrupt Priority ) register

_

PS

Priority bit = 1 , assigns high priority

Priority bit = 0 , assigns low priority

PT1

PX1

PT0

PX0

Serial data communication in 8051

Computer transfer data in two ways

parallel & serial .
In parallel data transfer often whole byte is
transferred to a device i.e. only few feet away.
To transfer data to a device located many
meters away then the serial method is used.
In serial communication the data is sent one
bit at a time

For serial communication to work the

byte of data must be converted to
serial bits using in parallel in serial out
shift register .
The O/P of these shift register can be
transmitted over a single data line .
At receiving there must be a serial in
parallel out shift register to receive
serial data and pack them into a byte .

In serial data communication method each character is

placed in between start and stop bit this is called framing .

In data framing all the bytes are packed between a start and a
Stop
stop
bitbit. D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 start bit

The start bit is zero and stop bit is one .When there is no
transfer of data the signal is one which is referred as mark .

The below figure shows framing the data 41H .

Baud rate :

The rate of data transfer in serial data communication is started at bps bits/sec
and it is called baud rate . The below table will be what data should be stored in
TH1 register for various baud rates .

We are using crystal oscillator frequency of 8051 is equal to 11.0592Mhz.

Machine cycle frequency of 8051=11.0592 Mhz/12=921.6 K Hz.

921.6K Hz//32=28,800Hz.

BAUD RATE

TH1 in decimal

TH1 in hexadecimal

28,800/3=9600

-3

FD

28,800/6 =4800

-6

FA

28,800/12 =2400

-12

F4

28,800/24 =1200

-24

E8

SCON register / Serial control register :

SM 0 SM 1 SM 2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI

T h e S C O N re g is te r is a 8 b it re g is te r u s e d to p ro g ra m s ta rt b it , s to p b it
a n d d a ta b its .

SM0 and SM1 :

These 2 bit are serial port mode specifier these two determine the framing of
data by specifying the number of bits between a start bit and the stop bit and the
number of stop bits used are
SM0

SM1

MODE

1 stop,1 start

In serial mode one for each byte of data to be transferred one start bit and one
stop bit is used between one start bit and one stop bit only one byte of data can
be transferred and received .

SM2 :

SM2 is a 5th bit of SCON register if this bit is one then 8051 can use
multiprocessing .

REN ( Receive enable ) :

REN bit is 4th bit of SCON register when the REN bit is high it allows the 8051 to
receive data on the RXD line . If REN is low 8051 cannot receive the data .

TB8 and RB8 :

These two bits are not widely used .

TI bit :

TI i e. transmit interrupt is bit D1 of the SCON register, when the 8051

finishes the transfer of data it raises the TI flag to indicate that it is ready to
transfer another byte .

The T1 bit is raised at the beginning of the stop bit .

RI :
RI i.e. receive interrupt is the 0 bit of SCON register.

When the 8051 receives data serially it gets rid of start and stop bits and places
the byte in SBUF register .

Then 8051 raises the RI flag bit to indicate that a byte have been received and
it should be picked up before it is lost .

Steps for programming 8051 to transfer data serially :

1)The TMOD register is loaded with the value 20H , Indicating the use
of timer 1 in mode 2 to set the baud rate .

2)The TH1 is loaded with one of the values in the table below to set
baud rate for serial data transfer .

If XTAL = 11.092Mhz , Timer = 1 , TH1 register value for various baud

rates

BAUD RATE

TH1( decimal )

TH1( Hexadecimal )

9600

-3

FD

4800

-6

FA

2400

-12

1200

-24

F4
E8

3)The SCON register is loaded with the value 50H indicating serial mode 1 ,
Where an 8 bit data is formed with start and stop bits .

4)TR1 is set to 1 to start timer 1 .

5)TI is cleared by CLR TI instruction .

6)The character byte to be transferred serially is written into the SBUF register .

7)The TI flag bit is monitored with the use of the instruction JNB TI, target to
see if the character has been transferred completely .

8)To transfer the next character , go to step 5.

Programming 8051 to receive data serially :

1)The TMOD register loaded with the value of 20H , Indicating the use of timer 1
in mode 2 to set baud rate .

2)The TH1 is loaded with the one of the value in the table below to set the baud
rate for serial data transfer .

If XTAL = 11.09Mhz , Timer =1 , TH1 register value for various baud rate .

BAUD RATE

TH1(Decimal )

TH1( Hexadecimal )

9600

-3

FD

4800

-6

FA

2400

-12

F4

1200

-24

E8

3)The SCON register is loaded with value 50H indicating serial mode 1 where
an 8 bit data is formed with start and stop bit .

4)TR1 is set to 1 to start timer 1 .

5)RI is cleared with the CLR RI instruction .

6)The RI flag bit is monitored with the use of the instruction JNB RI, target to
see if an entire character have been received yet or not .

7)When RI is raised , SBUF has a byte . Its contents are moved into a safe
pulse .

8)To receive next character go to step to 5 .

Business Unit or Product Name

Start and stop bits

2003 IBM Corporation