Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Irreversibilities
Performance of system
Actual
H.E.
Compare
Ideal
H.E.
Carnot H.E.
Totally reversible
TL=Const.)
COMPONENTS
Steady
flow
devices
Nozzle
Actual
device
Compare
Ideal
device
Turbine
There is some amount of hea transfer
Comp.
between these devices and surrounding
Pump
Diffuser However, these devces are intended to
operate under adiabatic conditions.
Nozzle
Ideal Process
1. Adiabatic
2. ????????
Ideal Process
1. Adiabatic (Q/T=0)
2. No int. irreversibilities
isentropic
(Sgen, sys=0)
Actual Process
1. Adiabatic
2. Int. Irrev.
Ideal Process
1. Adiabatic
2. Int. Rev.
isentropic
Note
If the actual process is not adiabatic, the ideal process is not isentropic process
Actual
Process
1. Adiabatic
2. Int. Irr.
Compare
HOW ?
Ideal Process
1. Adiabatic
2. Int. Rev.
tur
q w h ke pe w hi he h1 h2
0
neglect
neglect
tur
tur
wa h1 - h 2a
ws h1 - h 2s
%90 (Large turbines)
%70 (Small turbines)
h1 - h 2a
h1 - h 2s
2a
P1= 3 MPa
T1=400 C
2s
P2a=50 kPa
T2a=100 C
h1>hg Sup.heat.
h1=3 kJ/kg
s1=6.9212 kJ/(kg.K)
P2a=50 kPa
s2s=s1= 6.9212 kJ/(kJ.K)
h2a>hg Sup.heat.
h2a=2682.5 kJ/kg
X 2s
sf=1.0910 kJ/(kg.K)
sg=7.5939 kJ/(kg.K)
Sf < s2s <sg Saturated mixt.
s 2 s sf 6.9212 1.0910
0.897
sfg
6.5029
h2s=hf+x2shfg=340.49+0.897(2305.4)=2407.4 kJ/kg
h1 - h 2a
3230.9 - 2682.5
T
0.667 66.7%
h1 - h 2s
3230.9 - 2407.4
b) The mass flow rate of the steam flowing through the turbine :
.
Q W m h ke Pe
0
W m. h1 h 2a
2 x1000
m 3230.9 2682.5
.
m 3.65 kg / s
comp
ws h 2s - h1
wa h 2a - h1
ws h 2s - h1
wa h 2a - h1
pump
ws h 2s - h 1 ( P2 P1 )
wa h 2a - h 1
h2 a h1
NOTE:
Isentropic
Adiabatic comp.
Ideal
Comp. with
cooling
Ideal
Comp. with
cooling
Ideal
Adiabatic+Int. Rev.
Isentropic
Int. Rev.+Isothermal
2a
2s
P2 = 800 kPa
P2 = 800 kPa
T2a = ?
h1=285.14 kJ/kg
Pr1=1.1584
P2 Pr2
P1 Pr1
s const .
P2
800
1.1584
Pr2 Pr1
9.2972
P
100
h 2s - h1
0.80
h 2a - h1
0.80
517.05 - 285.14
h 2a - 285.14
Q a W a m h ke Pe a
.
h1 - h 2a
N
h1 - h 2s
N > 90%
ENTROPY BALANCE
Energy Balance :
Total
energy
entering
Total
energy
leaving
Change in the
total energy of
the system
Ein-Eout= Esys
Net energy transfer
Entropy Balance :
Total
entropy
entering
Total
entropy
leaving
Total
entropy
generated
Change in the
total entropy of
the system
Sin-Sout+Sgen= Ssys
Net entropy transfer
Swork=0
Smass=ms
Closed
Systems
Sin-Sout+Sgen= Ssys
2
Q
1 T S gen S sys
Qk
T S gen S sys
k
Qsurr
T
surr
Q
S gen
T
1
S sys
Open
Systems
Q
1 T mi si me se S gen S sys ( S 2 S1 ) cv
Entropy transfer
by heat
Entropy transfer
by mass
Qk
T mi si me se S gen S sys ( S 2 S1 ) cv
k
.
.
.
.
.
Qk
T mi si me se S gen S sys
k
.
.
.
Qk
T mi si me se S gen 0
k
.
.
Qk
T m si se S gen 0
k
Q
T
Q
T
in
S gen 0
1035 1035 .
S gen 0
293 278
out
1035 1035 .
S gen ,tot 0
300 273
S gen,tot 0.341 W / K
S gen 0.191 W / K
P1=7 MPa
T1=450 C
.
h1=3287.1 kJ/kg
s1=6.6327 kJ/kg.K
m s1 m s2 S gen 0
S gen m( s2 s1 ) or s gen s2 s1
sgen=s2-s1=6.9919-6.6327=0.3592 kJ/(kgK)
= -12.65 kJ/K
Temperature of the water is constant during the process
(thermal reservoir).
Q-W = U+KE+PE
Qiron = mCave(T2-T1) = 50 x 0.45 x (285-500) = - 4837.5 kJ
Qwater= -Qiron= +4837.5 kJ
S water
Q water
4837.5 kJ
16.97 kJ/K
Twater
285 K
2
Sat. mixt.
T2=100 C
P2= P1
1
Sat. mixt.
T1=100 C
a)
Swater Ssys m( s2 s1 )
Can not be read from tables.
Because, x can not be calculated.
Q
S gen , sys
T
Swater
Qsys 600
1,61 kJ / K
Tsys
373
Qsur 600
2,01 kJ / K
Tsur 298