Physical Quantities and Fundamental Units

Chapter 1
Units, Physical
Quantities, and Vectors
PowerPoint Lectures for
University Physics, Twelfth Edition
Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by James Pazun
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
Goals for Chapter 1

To prepare presentation of physical quantities using
accepted standards for units
To understand how to list and calculate data with the
correct number of significant figures
To manipulate vector components and add vectors
To prepare vectors using unit vector notation
To use and understand scalar products
To use and understand vector products
Introduction
The study of physics is
important because
physics is one of the
most fundamental
sciences, and one of the
first applications of the
pure study, mathematics,
to practical situations.
Physics is ubiquitous,
appearing throughout our
day-to-day
experiences.
Solving problems in physics

Identify, set up, execute, evaluate
Standards and units

Base units are set for length, time, and mass.
Unit prefixes size the unit to fit the situation.
Units
1.2 Units
Unit consistency and conversions

An equation must be dimensionally consistent (be sure youre
adding apples to apples).
Have no naked numbers (always use units in calculations).
Refer to Example 1.1 (page 7) and Problem 1.2 (page 8).
THE CONVERSION OF UNITS
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 mi = 1.609 km
1 hp = 746 W
1 liter = 10-3 m3
The Role of Units in Problem Solving
Example 1 The Worlds Highest Waterfall

The highest waterfall in the world is Angel Falls in Venezuela,
with a total drop of 979.0 m. Express this drop in feet.
Since 3.281 feet = 1 meter, it follows that
(3.281 feet)/(1 meter) = 1
3.281 feet
Length 979.0 meters
3212 feet
1 meter
1.3 The Role of Units in Problem Solving

Example 2 Interstate Speed Limit
Express the speed limit of 65 miles/hour in terms of meters/second.
Use 5280 feet = 1 mile and 3600 seconds = 1 hour and
3.281 feet = 1 meter.
miles
miles
Speed 65
11 65
hour
hour
feet
5280 feet 1 hour
95
mile 3600 s
second
feet
feet 1 meter
meters
Speed 95
1 95
29
second
second 3.281 feet
second
Boardwork
A car is travelling 38.0 m/s on an interstate
highway where the speed limit is 75.0 mi/h. Is
the driver exceeding the speed limit?
The acceleration due to gravity of a falling
object is 32 ft/s2. Express this units in m/s2.
The density of water is 1g/cm3. Convert this
unit to kg/m3.
Significant figures
- Used to indicate the number of digits to be
retained in a calculation.
- The number of reliably known digits.
Uncertainty and significant figuresFigure 1.7

Operations on data must preserve
the datas accuracy.
For multiplication and division,
round to the smallest number of
significant figures.
For addition and subtraction,
round to the least accurate data.
Refer to Table 1.1, Figure 1.8,
and Example 1.3.
Errors can result in your rails
ending in the wrong place.
Estimates and orders of magnitude

Estimation of an answer is often done by
rounding any data used in a calculation.
Comparison of an estimate to an actual
calculation can head off errors in final
results.
Refer to Example 1.4.
Scalars and Vectors
A scalar quantity is one that can be described

by a single number:
temperature, speed, mass
A vector quantity deals inherently with both
magnitude and direction:
velocity, force, displacement
1.5 Scalars and Vectors
Arrows are used to represent vectors. The

direction of the arrow gives the direction of
the vector.
By convention, the length of a vector

arrow is proportional to the magnitude
of the vector.
4 lb
8 lb
1.5 Scalars and Vectors
1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction
Often it is necessary to add one vector to another.
3m
5m
8m
2.00 m
6.00 m
R 2.00 m 6.00 m
2
2.00 m
6.00 m 6.32m
2
R
2.00 m
6.00 m
tan 2.00 6.00
tan
2.00 6.00 18.4
6.32 m
2.00 m
6.00 m
When a vector is multiplied

by -1, the magnitude of the
vector remains the same, but
the direction of the vector is
reversed.

AB
A

AB
1.7 The Components of a Vector
x and y are called the x vector component
and the y vector component of r.

The vector components of A are two perpendicu lar
vectors A x and A y that are parallel to the x and y axes,

and add together vectoriall y so that A A x A y .

It is often easier to work with the scalar components

rather than the vector components.
Ax and Ay are the scalar components
of A.
x and y are unit vecto rs with magnitude 1.
A Ax x Ay y
Example
A displacement vector has a magnitude of 175 m and points at
an angle of 50.0 degrees relative to the x axis. Find the x and y
components of this vector.
sin y r
y r sin 175 m sin 50.0 134 m
cos x r
x r cos 175 m cos 50.0 112 m
r 112 m x 134 m y
example
What are the s and y components of a

vector D? The magnitude of D is 3.00 m
and the angle = 45o ?
Finding componentsFigure 1.19

What are the x and y components of vector E? The
magnitude of E = 4.50 m and the angle = 37.0 o.
1.8 Addition of Vectors by Means of Components

C AB
A Ax x Ay y
B Bx x B y y
1.8 Addition of Vectors by Means of Components
C Ax x Ay y Bx x B y y
Ax Bx x Ay B y y
C x Ax Bx
C y Ay B y
Calculations using components IIFigure 1.22
See worked examples 1.7 and 1.8.
Assignment
Unit vectorsFigures 1.231.24

Assume vectors of
magnitude 1 with no units
exist in each of the three
standard dimensions.
The x direction is termed
I, the y direction is termed
j, and the z direction, k.
A vector is subsequently
described by a scalar
times each component.
A = Axi + Ayj + Azk
Refer to Example 1.9.
The scalar productFigures 1.251.26

Termed the
dot
product.
Figures 1.25
and 1.26
illustrate the
scalar
product.
The scalar product IIFigures 1.271.28

Refer to Examples
1.10 and 1.11.
The vector productFigures 1.291.30

Termed the
cross
product.
Figures 1.29
and 1.30
illustrate the
vector cross
product.
The vector product IIFigure 1.32

Refer to
Example
1.12.

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Chapter 1

Goals for Chapter 1

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Solving problems in physics

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Standards and units

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Unit consistency and conversions

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

THE CONVERSION OF UNITS

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

The Role of Units in Problem Solving

Example 1 The Worlds Highest Waterfall

1.3 The Role of Units in Problem Solving

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Uncertainty and significant figuresFigure 1.7

Estimates and orders of magnitude

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Scalars and Vectors

A scalar quantity is one that can be described

1.5 Scalars and Vectors

Arrows are used to represent vectors. The

By convention, the length of a vector

1.5 Scalars and Vectors

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction

Often it is necessary to add one vector to another.

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction

1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction

1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction

tan 2.00 6.00

2.00 6.00 18.4

1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction

When a vector is multiplied

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

1.6 Vector Addition and Subtraction

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

1.7 The Components of a Vector

x and y are called the x vector component

and the y vector component of r.

1.7 The Components of a Vector

The vector components of A are two perpendicu lar

vectors A x and A y that are parallel to the x and y axes,

and add together vectoriall y so that A A x A y .

1.7 The Components of a Vector

It is often easier to work with the scalar components

Ax and Ay are the scalar components

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

1.7 The Components of a Vector

y r sin 175 m sin 50.0 134 m

x r cos 175 m cos 50.0 112 m

What are the s and y components of a

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

Finding componentsFigure 1.19