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2 AERODYNAMICS
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STREAMLINED
Boundary Layer
Unaffected airflow
Each layer experience
retardation until some distance
away from surface
Next layer slowed down but not stop
STREAMLINED
Boundary Layer
STREAMLINED
STALLING
AERODYNAMIC TERM
Stagnation point
Velocity = 0m/s
Airfoil Shape
Symmetrical no lift at zero angle of
attack
Asymmetrical lift created even at
small angle of attack
AIRFOIL
Airfoil Shape
Medium and high speed aircraft much
less curvature lift comes from their
additional speed through the air.
Low speed aircraft cambered not for
high speed (excess lift as well as drag)
AIRFOIL
CAMBER (CURVE)
Camber curvature of an aerofoil
(wing) above and below the chord
line
PRODUCTION OF LIFT
AIRFOIL @ AEROFOIL
AIRFOIL
Thicness/Chord ratio = CD
AB
MEAN AERODYNAMIC
CHORD
Average distance between leading
and trailing edge of wing
Mean chord = Wing Area
Wing Span
ANGLE OF ATTACK
The acute angle formed between the
relative wind striking an airfoil and the
chord line.
Increasing the angle from zero degree to a
maximum (between 15 degrees and 18
degrees) will increase lift, but will also
increases drag.
CENTER OF PRESSURE
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
o Angle formed by the
intersection of the wing
chord line and the horizontal
plane or longitudinal axis of
aircraft
o Positive Angle of Incidence
(AOI) leading edge higher
than trailing edge
o Correct AOI low drag +
longitudinal stability
o Wash out higher AOI at
wing root than at wing tip
o Wash in higher AOI at
wing tip than at wing root
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
Wash out :
Angle of incident decrease from root tip
Root will stall 1st
Directio
n of
airflow
Center of Pressure
CENTER OF PRESSURE
Nose Heavy
Medium AOA
Balance Flight
CENTER OF PRESSURE
Large AOA
Tail Heavy
WING SHAPE
ASPECT RATIO
Ratio of aircraft wingspan to its mean
chord length
PRODUCTION OF LIFT
To keep flying aircraft
must produce a force equal
to its own weight
Greater force to lift the
aircraft from the ground
Force (lift) is provided by
the wing
The production of lift is
based on Bernoullis theory
PRODUCTION OF LIFT
Lift
Weight
Bernoullis theorem
Air velocity increase the pressure decreases
(and vice versa)
The total energy of a moving fluid is made up of three
forms of energy:
Potential Energy due to height or position
Kinetic Energy due to motion
Pressure Energy due to pressure
Venturi Effect
PRODUCTION OF LIFT
Venturi Effect
PRODUCTION OF LIFT
Venturi Effect
INLE
CENTRE (THROAT)
T
Airspeed
normal Airspeed maximum
Pressure normal Pressure minimum
PRODUCTION OF LIFT
OUTLET
Airspeed
decrease
Pressure
increase
(equal to inlet
area)
Camber (Curved)
Airflow around the cambered wing behave
exactly as airflow in a venturi tube
PRODUCTION OF LIFT
Decreased Speed
Increased Speed
30% of Total Lift
PRODUCTION OF LIFT
STREAMLINED
Streamline shape or contour that
presents a minimum resistance to the air
A perfect streamlined form is similar to the
top view of a fish
Air flows around non-streamlined object
air swirls into eddies + streamline
distorted disappear
Airstream becomes turbulent
Streamline air appears as smooth parallel
lines
Smoke jets introduce smoke into air to
observe and illustrate movement of air
STREAMLINED
around object
STREAMLINED
DRAG
As an aircraft passes through the air, the air
offers a resistance to the passage.
This resistance, is known as Drag.
(Resistance to forward motion)
DRAG
RESISTANCE TO FORWARD MOTION
DRAG
FORM DRAG
Caused by the shape or form of the aircraft
Reducing form drag
Streamlining aircraft shaped to produce
least resistance to the airflow
For least resistance object length
between 3-4 times greater than maximum
thickness
Fineness ratio ratio between length
and maximum thickness
DRAG
PARASITE DRAG
A combination of many different drag
forces
Any exposed object on an aircraft offers
some resistance to the airflow, and the
more objects in the airstream, the more
parasite drag
Reducing parasite drag
reducing the number of exposed parts to
as few as practical and streamlining their
shape.
DRAG
Streamlining
DRAG
DRAG
WEIGHT@ GRAVITY
Acts vertically downwards
through
the Centre of Gravity
FORCES ACTING ON AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT
LIFT
Acts at right angle to the
line of flight & through the
Centre of Pressure of the
wings
DRAG
Opposes the forward
motion
Regarded as a rearward
acting force
IDEAL ANGLE
POLAR CURVE
Drag Polaris the relationship
between the lift and its drag interm
on coefficeient
STALL
Sudden lost of lift
i. Increase AOA separation moves forward
(turbulent)
Insufficient pressure drop on upper surface no
pressure differential to create lift
AIRFOIL CONTAMINATION
Any contamination on wing will affect
its performance
Need to provide method to remove
the contamination during flying
Type of contamination :
Ice
Snow
Frost