DOUBLE SIDEBAND

FULL CARRIER
Muhd Syahril Bin Mokhtar
51210113598
Muhammad Eizzat Farhan Bin Rusli
51210113772
Harison Gimang ak Richard
51210113779
Atiqah Syahira Binti Rosman Amran
51210113698

What is Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Amplitude Modulation is defined as the
process of impressing a low frequency
intelligence (original signal) signal upon a
higher frequency carrier signal
Easy, cheap, low-quality
Used for AM receiver and CBs (citizen bands)
Generally high carrier frequency is used to modulate

the voice signal (300 3000Hz)

Basic Amplitude Modulation

AM Envelope
Wave and the shape of Modulated Wave is called AM

Envelope.

Characteristic of Amplitude Modulation

Baseband /
Information signal

AM
MODULATION

Modulated
signal

Carrier
(Low Frequency)
(AM Envelope)

(High Frequency)

 AM is a nonlinear process
Sum and difference frequencies are created that carry the

information
Application:
It include broadcasting in medium- and high-frequency
applications, CB radio, and aircraft communications

Time Domain
Time domain can be obtained by using oscilloscope.
The carrier (a high frequency sine wave) is being

modulated by a lower frequency sine wave. The

modulating signal causes the carriers amplitude to
change with time.

Modulation Index
Modulation Index - The ratio between the amplitudes

between the amplitudes of the modulating signal and

carrier, expressed by the equation:

Em
m=
Ec

Modulation (m) varies between 0 to 1

Overmodulation
When the modulation index is greater than 1,
overmodulation is present

Measurement of Modulation Index

Frequency Domain
The frequency spectrum of AM waveform contains 3 parts:
Carrier frequency, fc
An upper sideband, fusb
A lower sideband, flsb

Mathematical Expression:

fusb = fc + fm
flsb = fc fm
Elsb = Eusb = (mEc)/2
Where:
fusb = frequency of the upper sideband
flsb = frequency of the lower sideband
Eusb = peak voltage of the upper sideband component
Elsb = peak voltage of the lower sideband component

DSBSB Frequency Spectrum

B = Maximum freq. - minimumfreq.

= ( fc + fm ) - ( fc fm )
= fc + fm - fc + fm
= 2fm

With single frequency fm

Ec

Ec
2

fc- fm

fc
2fm

Ec
2

fc+ fm

Ec E m

2
2

freq

Bandwidth
Signal bandwidth is an important characteristic of any
modulation scheme
In general, a narrow bandwidth is desirable
Bandwidth is calculated by:

A 1MHz carrier with an amplitude of 1V peak is modulated by a

1kHz signal with m = 0.5. Sketch the volume spectrum.
Solution:
The carrier will be at
fc = 1MHz
fusb = fc + fm
= 1MHz + 1kHz
= 1.001 MHz
flsb = fc fm
= 1MHz 1kHz
= 0.999 MHz
Determine the amplitude of the three components. The carrier is unchanged
with modulation, so it remains at 1V peak. Yhe two sidebands will have the
same peak voltage
E
m c
Elsb = Eusb =
2
= (0.5 x 1)/2
= 0.25V

Advantages & Disadvantages of DSBFC

ADVANTAGES
Travel in long distance

DISADVANTAGES
Poor performance in the present of
noise

Usable with very simple modulator Inefficient use of transmitter power

and demodulator

Low cost

AM requires a bandwidth which is

double audio frequency

Power Relationships
Power in a transmitter is
important, but the most
important power measurement
is that of the portion that
transmits the information
AM carriers remain unchanged
with modulation and therefore
are wasteful
Power in an AM transmitter is
calculated according to the
formula at the right

Pt P c 1
2

Quadrature AM and AM Stereo

Two carriers generated at the same frequency but 90 out
of phase with each other allow transmission of two
separate signals
This approach is known as Quadrature AM (QUAM or
QAM)
Recovery of the two signals is accomplished by
synchronous detection by two balanced modulators

Quadrature Operation

Reference
1. Roy Blake (2001) Electronic Communication System,

2nd edn., United States of America: Delmar Thomson

Learning.
2. Frank R. Dungan (1998) Electronic Communications
Systems, 3rd edn., United States of America: Delmar
Thomson Learning.
3. Hwei P. Hsu (2003) Analog and Digital Communication,
2nd edn., Singapore: Mc Graw Hill International Edition.
4. Michael Fitz (2007) Fundamental of Communication
System, 1st edn.: Mc Graw Hill Professional