INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICTION
TECHNOLOGY
2016 2017

HISTORY OF COMPUTER

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
a computer is any device which aids
humans in performing various kinds of
computations or calculations.
In that respect the earliest computer was
the abacus, used to perform basic
arithmetic operations.
Every computer supports some form of
input, processing, and output.

FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS (1940S

First electronic computers used vacuum
1950S)
tubes, and they were huge and complex.
The first general purpose electronic
computer was the ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator And Computer).
It was programmed using plugboards and
switches, supporting input from an IBM card
reader, and output to an IBM card punch. It
took up 167 square meters, weighed 27
tons, and consuming 150 kilowatts of
power. It used thousands of vacuum tubes,
crystal diodes, relays, resistors, and
capacitors.

 The second generation of computers came

about thanks to the invention of the transistor,
which then started replacing vacuum tubes in
computer design. Transistor computers
consumed far less power, produced far
less heat, and were much smaller
compared to the first generation.
The first transistor computer was created at
the University of Manchester in 1953.

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS (1955 1960)

 The invention of the integrated circuits

(ICs), also known as microchips, paved the
way for computers as we know them
today.
They were much smaller, and cheaper
than first and second generation of
computers, also known as mainframes.

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS (1960S)

 First microchips-based central processing units consisted of

multiple microchips for different CPU components. The drive
for ever greater integration and miniaturization led towards
single-chip CPUs, where all of the necessary CPU
components were put onto a single microchip, called a
microprocessor.
The first single-chip CPU, or a microprocessor, was Intel
4004.

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS (1971 PRESENT)

BASIC PARTS OF THE

PERSONAL COMPUTER (SYSTEM
UNIT)

SYSTEM UNIT
The System unit is far and away the most
complicated part of the Personal Computer.
it contains most of the components of a computer
(usually excluding the display, keyboard and mouse).
A computer case is sometimes incorrectly referred to
metonymously as a CPU or hard drive referring to
components housed within the case.

COMPUTER PERIPHERALS
A peripheral device is generally defined as any auxiliary device
such as acomputer mouseorkeyboard, that connects to and
works with the computer in some way.
RAM -random access memory- straddles the line between
peripheral and primary component; it is technically a storage
peripheral, but is required for every major function of a modern
computer and removing the RAM will effectively disable any
modern machine.

COMMON COMPUTER
PERIPHERALS
the word peripheral is used to
refer to a device external to the
computer case, like a scanner,
but thedevices located inside
the computer case are also
technically peripherals.Devices
that exist outside the computer
case are called external
peripherals, or auxiliary
components.

Input
Keyboard
Computer mouse
Barcode Reader
Image scanner
Mic
Webcam
Output
Display device
Computer display
LCD projector
Printer
Storage
Floppy diskdrive
Flash drive
Disk drive
computerstorage interface
CD/DVDdrive
Other Storage Devices

THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF

PERIPHERALS:

Input, used to interact with, or send data to the computer

(mouse, keyboards, etc.)

Output, which provides output to the user from the computer

(monitors, printers, etc.)

Storage, which stores data processed by the computer (hard

drives, flash drives, etc.)

KEYBOARD

akeyboardis a
typewriter-style device, which uses an
arrangement of buttons orkeys, to
act as mechanical levers or electronic
switches.

keyboards became the main

input deviceforcomputers. It also
played a strong role in point-to-point
and point-to-multipoint
communication

 mouseis apointing devicethat detects

MOUSE two-dimensionalmotion relative to a surface.
This motion is typically translated into the
motion of apointeron adisplay, which allows
for fine control of agraphical user interface.
History
Thetrackball, a related pointing device, was
invented in 1946 byRalph Benjaminas part
of a post-World War II-eraradarplotting
system
The first computer mouse, held by inventor
Douglas Engelbart, showing the wheels that
make contact with the working surface

MOUSE VARIANTS
Mechanical mice
The German companyTelefunkenpublished on their early
ball mouse on October 2, 1968.
This variant of the mouse resembled an inverted
trackballand became the predominant form used with
personal computersthroughout the 1980s and 1990s.

OPTICAL AND LASER MICE

Optical mice make use of one or more
light-emitting diodes(LEDs) and an
imaging array of photodiodesto detect
movement relative to the underlying
surface, rather than internal moving
parts as does a mechanical mouse.
A laser mouse is an optical mouse that
uses coherent (laser) light.

OUTPUT
Outputis the term denoting either an exit or
changes which exit asystemand which
activate/modify aprocess.

COMPUTER MONITOR
Amonitoror adisplayis anelectronic visual display
forcomputers. The monitor comprises the display
device.
The display device in modern monitors is typically a
thin film transistor liquid crystal display(TFT-LCD) thin
panel, while older monitors used acathode ray tube
(CRT) about as deep as the screen size.

TYPES OF MONITOR
Cathode ray tube ( CRT )
The first computer monitors usedcathode ray tubes
(CRTs).
The display wasmonochromeand far less sharp and
detailed than on a modern flat-panel monitor,
necessitating the use of relatively large text and severely
limiting the amount of information that could be
displayed at one time.

 Liquid crystal display

Throughout the 1990s, the primary use of LCD
technology as computer monitors was in laptops
where the lower power consumption, lighter
weight, and smaller physical size of LCDs
justified the higher price versus a CRT.
Commonly, the same laptop would be offered
with an assortment of display options at
increasing price points.

LCD PROJECTOR
LCD projectoris a type of
video projectorfor displaying
video, images or computer data
on a screen or other flat
surface. It is a modern
equivalent of theslide projector
or overhead projector.

PRINTER
aprinteris aperipheralwhich
makes a persistent humanreadable representation of
graphics or text on paper or
similar physical media.
The world's first computer
printer was a 19th-century
mechanically driven apparatus
invented byCharles Babbage.

COMPUTER DATA STORAGE

Computer data storage, often
calledstorageormemory, is a technology
consisting ofcomputercomponents
andrecording media used to retain
digitaldata.
It is a core function and fundamental
component of computers.

PRIMARY STORAGE
Primary storage(ormain memoryorinternal memory),
often referred to simply asmemory, is the only one directly
accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads
instructions stored there and executes them as required.
Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform
manner.

SECONDARY STORAGE

Secondary storage(also known as external

memory or auxiliary storage), differs from primary
storage in that it is not directly accessible by the
CPU.
The computer usually uses itsinput/output
channels to access secondary storage and
transfers the desired data using intermediate
areain primary storage.
Secondary storage does not lose the data when
the device is powered downit is non-volatile.

FLOPPY DISK
Afloppy disk, ordiskette, is a
disk storagemedium composed of
a disk of thin and flexible
magnetic storagemedium, sealed
in a rectangular plastic carrier
lined with fabric that removes dust
particles.
Floppy disks are read and written
by afloppy disk drive(FDD).

FLASH DRIVE

Aflash driveis adata storage devicethat

includesflash memorywith an integratedUniversal
Serial Bus(USB) interface.
USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable,
and physically much smaller than anoptical disc.