PREPARED BY :

EN. MUHD FAZLI B. DOLLAH

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Predict the state of certain
cells without a particular
component.
Illustrate that most cells are
specialised for the job that
they perform.

Appreciating the
Uniqueness of the Cell
A living cell is a basic unit of life.
Cells are characterised by both uniformity &
diversity in terms of structure & function.
Living cells resemble one another in fundamental
ways :
All cells are surrounded by a selectively permeable
plasma membrane
They have double-stranded DNA which carry genetic
information
Ribosomes are present to function as sites for protein
synthesis.

 The diversity of cell structure & function

are due to cellular specialisation & division
of labour. For example,
The flight muscle cells of the pigeon have
many well-developed, highly active
mitochondria to produce energy for
locomotion
The human pancreatic cells are highly
specialised to secrete large amounts of
digestive enzymes & hormones. The cells
have many well-developed rough & smooth
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus &
mitochondria.

THE SECRETION OF EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES

IN AN ANIMAL CELL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

DNA on chromosome in nucleus carries genetic

information.
Production of mRNA
Energy (ATP) generated by mitochondria
Proteins are synthesised at ribosomes
Proteins transported by RER.
Proteins depart from ER wrapped in transport vesicles
Transport vesicles fuse with Golgi apparatus which
modifies & packages the proteins.
Secretory vesicles contain inactive enzyme
(proenzyme).
Secretory vesicles fuse with the PM & enzymes are
secreted outside the cell.

STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT

PARTICULAR CELLULAR
COMPONENT
MISSING ORGANELLE/
CELLULAR COMPONET

CONDITION OF THE CELL

NUCLEUS

No protein & enzyme synthesis

Cellular activities cannot be
carried out.
No cell division
Cell dies

RIBOSOME

No protein synthesis Growth is

inhibited
Enzymes, antibodies & some
hormones cannot be produced.

STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT

PARTICULAR CELLULAR
COMPONENT
MISSING ORGANELLE/
CELLULAR COMPONET

CONDITION OF THE CELL

MITOCHONDRION

No aerobic respiration
Energy not released for cellular
activities

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

Transportation of proteins
synthesised by ribosome does not
occur.

STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT

PARTICULAR CELLULAR
COMPONENT
MISSING ORGANELLE/
CELLULAR COMPONET

CONDITION OF THE CELL

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

synthesis & transport of lipids

cannot be carried

GOLGI APPARATUS

Cell cannot secrete digestive

enzymes, hormones & mucin.
Lysosomes cannot be produced.

STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT

PARTICULAR CELLULAR
COMPONENT
MISSING ORGANELLE/
CELLULAR COMPONET

CONDITION OF THE CELL

LYSOSOMES

No intracellular digestion of food,

worn out organelled, old or
damaged cells.

VACUOLES

Plant cell loses its shape &

turgidity
No space to store soluble food &
waste products

CHLOROPLAST

No photosynthesis

STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT

PARTICULAR CELLULAR
COMPONENT
MISSING ORGANELLE/
CELLULAR COMPONET

CONDITION OF THE CELL

CELL WALL

Plant cell lost its shape, absorb

water & burst.

PLASMA MEMBRANE

No regulation of substances