Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Prof. A. K. Majumder
Department of Mining
Engineering
Hydrologic Cycle
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Fresh water
Oceans and
saline lakes
97.4%
Fresh water
2.6%
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0.014%
Ice caps
and glaciers
1.984%
Biota
0.0001%
Lakes
0.007%
Soil
moisture
0.005%
Rivers
0.0001%
Atmospheric
water vapor
0.001%
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Water Withdrawal
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FRESHWATER SHORTAGES
Areas that consume more water than
typically falls as precipitation are
considered to have water stress.
Currently, 45 countries cannot meet
the
minimum
essential
water
requirements of their citizens.
Will increase to 60 countries by 2050.
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Standard
0.05 to 0.2 mg/L
250 mg/L
15 (color units)
1.0 mg/L
noncorrosive
2.0 mg/L
0.5 mg/L
0.3 mg/L
0.05 mg/L
3 threshold odor number
6.5-8.5
0.10 mg/L
250 mg/L
500 mg/L
5 mg/L
12
Pollution
Pollution
the
presence
of
substance
in
the
quantity,
prevents
the
functioning
of
natural
source
discharges
of
substances
from
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13
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14
drainage,
atmospheric deposition.
and
Because the
15
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16
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18
19
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS:
a)Oxygen Demanding wastes
-
21
22
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24
25
26
27
agriculture,
medical
and
industrial
28
Water
Quality
Goo
d
89
Slightly
polluted
6.7
8
Moderatel
y polluted
Heavily
pollute
d
Gravely
polluted
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4.5
6.7
4
4.5
Below
4
29
30
Dilution
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31
Point source
er
an wat
e
l
c
l
a
h,
Norm
iont, perc
t
u
u
o
ll
r
o
T
P
,
(
t
i sms
ish absen
lerant organ
o
n- F
t
tio
e
llu
g
bass,
Po
d
lu
i, s
r
g
,
te
n
p
a
y)
r
fu
w
a
c
n
(
a
h es
nt
stonef8
s
ra
,
fi
le
rmal cle
to
y
o
,
N
f
s
,
y
m
h
r
a
erc
wo
m
gar)
Types of organisms (Trout, p
s (carp, bacteria
he
fis
ppm
s
bass,
organism
r)
)
ga
(anaerobic
onefy)
mayfy, st
d 8 ppm
Dissolve
oxy g e n
(ppm)
ical
Biochem
oxy g e n
demand
ne
Clean Zo
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very
ne Reco
o
Z
c
i
n e pt
Zone
positio S
m
o
c
e
D
Zone
Zone
Clean
32
33
34
35
The test
A water sample is inoculated with bacteria that consume the
biodegradable organic matter to obtain energy for their life
processes. Because the organisms also utilize oxygen in the
process of consuming the waste, the process is called aerobic
decomposition.
This oxygen consumption is easily measured. The greater the
amount of organic matter present, the greater the amount of
oxygen utilized. The BOD test is therefore an indirect
measurement of organic matter because we actually measure
only the change in dissolved oxygen concentration caused by the
microorganisms as they degrade the organic matter.
Although not all organic matter is biodegradable and the actual test
procedures lack precision, the BOD test is still the most widely used method
of measuring organic matter because of the direct conceptual relationship
between BOD and oxygen depletion in receiving waters.
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or,
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39
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BOD
The ultimate BOD (Lo) is defined as the maximum BOD exerted by
the wastewater. It is difficult to assign exact time to achieve
ultimate BOD, and theoretically it takes infinite time.
The time required to achieve the ultimate BOD depends upon
the characteristics of the wastewater, i.e., chemical composition
of the organic matter present in the wastewater and its
biodegradable properties.
Oxygen depletion is related to both the ultimate BOD and the BOD
rate constant (K).
The ultimate BOD will increase in direct proportion to the
concentration of biodegradable organic matter.
The BOD reaction rate constant is dependent on the following:
The nature of the waste
The ability of the organisms in the system to utilize the waste
The temperature
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