ANTI-LOCK

BRAKES
Anti-Lock braking system known as ABS.
ABS allows the driver to maintain steering

control of the vehicle while in hard braking

situations .
ABS generally offers improved vehicle control
and decreases stopping distances on dry and
slippery surfaces for many drivers.
However ABS works efficiently on loose
gravel,Snow covered roads by increase braking
distance,although still improves vehicle control.

Road surfaces
and ABS
Road hazards that will

cause ABS to function

unexpectedly are
gravel, sand, ice,
snow, mud, railway
tracks, potholes,
manhole covers and
even road markings
when it is raining.

The ABS cannot

makeup for road

conditions or bad
judgment. It is still the
drivers responsibility
to drive at reasonable
speeds for weather
and traffic conditions.
Always leave a margin
of safety.

Components of
ABS
Speed sensors
Valves
Pump
Controller

Brake Types
Four-channel, four-sensor ABS: This is the

best scheme. There is a speed sensor on all four

wheels and a separate valve for all four wheels.
Three-channel, three-sensor ABS: This
scheme, commonly found on pickup trucks with
four-wheel ABS, has a speed sensor and a valve
for each of the front wheels, with one valve and
one sensor for both rear wheels.
One-channel, one-sensor ABS: This system
is commonly found on pickup trucks with rearwheel ABS. It has one valve, which controls both
rear wheels, and one speed sensor.

When operating in normal conditions, the outlet valve

(C) of the
hydraulic modulator is closed and the
inlet valve (A) stays open until the pressure reaches the
desired value.
Then both the inlet and outlet valves remain closed to
hold this pressure and provide sufficient brake torque
for wheel brake cylinders.
Once the control unit detects any excessive wheel slip,
the corresponding outlet valve is opened to release the
pressure to the accumulator (D) and prevent possible
wheel lockup.
The excess brake fluid is returned to the master
cylinder through the return pump (E).
After the wheel slip returns to normal, the valve
solenoids are de-energized and the hydraulic modulator
resumes the regular braking process.

Applications
The controller monitors the speed sensors at all

times. It is looking for decelerations in the wheel

that are out of the ordinary.
The ABS controller knows that such a rapid
deceleration is impossible, so it reduces the
pressure to that brake until it sees an
acceleration, then it increases the pressure until
it sees the deceleration again.
When the ABS system is in operation the driver
will feel a pulsing in the brake pedal; this comes
from the rapid opening and closing of the valves.

Effectiveness
A 2003Australian study by Monash University
accident Research Centre found that ABS:
Reduced the risk of multiple vehicle crashes by 18
percent.
Reduced the risk of run-off-road crashes by 35
percent
.On high-traction surfaces such asbitumen,
orconcrete, many ABS-equipped cars are able to
attain braking distances better.
In gravel, sand and deep snow, ABS tends to increase
braking distances. On these surfaces, locked wheels
dig in and stop the vehicle more quickly.
quickly

Advantages &
Disadvantages
They eliminate or greatly reduce the possibility of brake lock up

and therefore provide a better chance of steering out of trouble.

ABS brakes were designed to combat the problem of tire lock up

and uncontrolled spins

No blocking of wheels occurs, even when the accelerator is

suddenly released on a slipper surface or there is a shift change

to a lower gear.
ABS has a couple of disadvantages: in deep snow or gravel its

actually better for the wheels to lock up. On completely glare

ice, locked wheels will often stop a car faster because even
though the sliding friction is less than non-sliding friction, it is
applied 100%.