Cell

Cycle
&
Cancer

Nurain balqis

260110152011

Lolindah chin

260110152018

Cell Cycle
The cell cycle consists of
Interphase normal cell activity
The mitotic phase cell division
Function of cell cycle:
Reproduction
Growth and development
Tissue renewal.

DNA

Mitotic Phase (M)

DNA
DNA

DNA

Interphase

s
si
ito
M

G2

sis
Cytokine

DNA
DNA

Cell

growth
preparation for
division

Interphase

G1
Cell growth

S
DNA replication
DNA
DNA
Interphase

DNA

 Interphase

Phases of the Cell Cycle

G1 - primary growth
- Cells undergo majority of growth)
S - genome replicated
- Each chromosome replicates (Synthesizes) to produce sister

chromatids
- Attached at centromere
- Contains attachment site (kinetochore)

G2 - secondary growth
- Chromosomes condense - Assemble machinery for
division such as centrioles
M - mitosis
C - cytokinesis

Mitotic Division

G2 OF INTERPHASE

Centrosomes
(with centriole pairs)

Nucleolus

Chromatin
(duplicated)

Nuclear
Plasma
envelope membrane

PROPHASE

Early mitotic
spindle

Aster
Centromere

Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids

PROMETAPHASE

Fragments
of nuclear
envelope

Kinetochore
Nonkinetochore
microtubules

Kinetochore
microtubule

Mitotic Division

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

Metaphase
plate

Spindle

Centrosome at Daughter
one spindle pole chromosomes

TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Cleavage
furrow

Nuclear
envelope
forming

Nucleolus
forming

Cell Division
An integral part of the cell cycle
Results in genetically identical daughter cells
Cells duplicate their genetic material
Before they divide, ensuring that each daughter
cell receives an exact copy of the genetic material,
DNA

Cell Division
Cell Cycle:
Normal cells reproduce to replace cells
Cancer:
Mis-regulating the cell cycle.
Cells divide when they arent supposed to.
Cells divide in a place they arent supposed to.
Need to understand how the cell is coordinating this
process
Understanding can lead to cancer treatments

Cancer: Unregulated Cell Division

Cell cycle is an ordered

process
The cell cycle is controlled by a cyclically operating set
of reaction sequences that both trigger and coordinate
key events in the cell cycle
The cell-cycle control system is driven by a built-in clock
that can be adjusted by external stimuli (chemical
messages)

Cell cycle is an ordered

process
Proteins within the cell control the cell cycle
Signals affecting critical checkpoints determine whether the
cell will divide (cyclins, kinases)

G1 checkpoint

Control
system

M checkpoint
G2 checkpoint

The Cyclins Control Progress

through the Cell Cycle

The Cell Cycle is Monitored

at Check Points
Checkpoint - a critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and goahead signals can regulate the cell cycle
Animal cells have built-in stop signals that halt the cell cycles at checkpoints
until overridden by go-ahead signals.
Three Major checkpoints are found in the G1, G2, and M phases of the cell
cycle

G1 Checkpoint
The G1 checkpoint - the Restriction Point
The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell is large enough to divide, and that
enough nutrients are available to support the resulting daughter cells.
If a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, it will usually
continue with the cell cycle
If the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal, it will exit the cell cycle and
switch to a non-dividing state called G0

Actually, most cells in the human body are in the G0 phase

G2 & M Checkpoints
The G2 checkpoint ensures that DNA replication in S phase has
been completed successfully.
The metaphase checkpoint ensures that all of the chromosomes
are attached to the mitotic spindle by a kinetochore.

The G2 Checkpoint Prevents the

Production of Cells with Damaged
DNA

Proto-oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes are genes encoding proteins that stimulate cell division &

control normal cell growth- code for:

Growth factor receptors
Mitogen receptors
Growth/Division signal pathway components
Survival factors

Mutated proto-oncogenes become cancer-causing genes (oncogenes).

Mutated alleles of many oncogenes are genetically dominant.

Oncogenes
Oncogenes - genes that when introduced into normal
cells cause them to become cancerous
Originally discovered by transfection - nuclear DNA
from tumor cells is isolated and cleaved into random
fragments, and tested for ability to induce cancer

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Tumor suppressor genes code for check point control proteins.
Prevent entry of cells into S
Prevent replication of DAMAGED DNA
Prevent abnormal cell division

Tumor suppressor mutations are recessive

Both copies must be knocked out to cause abnormal cell division
Tumor suppressor mutations are heritable

p53a classic tumor suppressor

The guardian of the genome
Senses genomic damage
Halts the cell cycle and initiates DNA repair
If the DNA is irreparable, p53 will initiate
the cell death process

Rba classic tumor suppressor

Rb binds to a protein called E2F1
E2F1 initiates the G1/S cell cycle transition
When bound to Rb, E2F1 can't function
Thus, Rb is a crucial cell cycle checkpoint

Rb is a Critical Tumor
Supressor

Retinoblastoma is a heritable
cancer

Tumor Suppressors Man the

Checkpoints

Proto-Oncogenes & Tumour

Supressors- Normal
Functions

Characteristics of normal
cells & cancer cells

SUMMARY
Cancer Cells

Normal Cell Division

1. DNA is replicated properly.
2. Chemical signals start
stop the cell cycle.

and

3. Cells communicate with each

other so they dont become
overcrowded.

1. Mutations occur in the DNA

when it is replicated.
2. Chemical signals that start
and stop the cell cycle are
ignored.
3. Cells do not communicate
with each other and tumors
form.