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Engr. Kamran Zeb

Circuit Analysis-II Fall-2016

EE -340
Instructor: Kamran Zeb
Email: Kamran.zeb@skt.umt.edu.pk

Department of Electrical Engineering

UMT Sialkot

Week 1 & 2
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Engr. Kamran Zeb

Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

by
Alexander-Sadiku

Chapter 9
Sinusoids and Phasors

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Content
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sinusoids features
9.3 Phasors
9.4 Phasor relationships for circuit elements
9.5 Impedance and admittance
9.6 Kirchhoffs laws in the frequency domain
9.7 Impedance combinations
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9.0 Review

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Solutions

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9.1 Introduction
We now begin the analysis of circuits in which the source voltage or
current is time-varying. In this chapter, we are particularly interested in
sinusoidally time-varying excitation, or simply, excitation by a sinusoid

A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine function.
A sinusoidal current is usually referred to as alternating current (AC).
Such a current reverses at regular time intervals and has alternately
positive and negative values.
Circuits driven by sinusoidal current or voltage sources are called ac
circuits

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9.2 Sinusoids features

We are interested in sinusoids for a number of reasons.
nature itself is characteristically sinusoidal.

The motion of a pendulum

The vibration of a string
The ripples on the ocean surface etc.
Sinusoidal signal is easy to generate and transmit.
Sinusoidal play an important role in the analysis of periodic signals.
Sinusoid is easy to handle mathematically.
The derivative and integral of a sinusoid are themselves sinusoids.

For these the sinusoid is an extremely important function in circuit

analysis.

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9.2 Sinusoids (2)

A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine function.
A general expression for the sinusoid,

v(t ) Vm sin( t )

where
Vm = the amplitude of the sinusoid
= the angular frequency in radians/s
t = Argument of Sinusoid
= the phase
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9.2 Sinusoids (3)

A periodic function is one that satisfies v(t) = v(t + nT), for all t
and for all integers n.
If

Only two sinusoidal values with the same frequency can be compared by
their amplitude and phase difference.
If phase difference is zero(
) , they are in phase;
If phase difference is not zero(
) , they are out of phase.

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1
Hz 10
T

2f

9.2 Sinusoids Example 9.1

Given a sinusoid,
, calculate its
amplitude, phase, angular frequency, period, and
frequency.

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9.2 Sinusoids PP 9.2

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9.2 Sinusoids (7)

Trigonometric Identities

(9.9)

(9.9)

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9.2 Sinusoids (8)

A graphical approach may be used to relate or
compare sinusoids as an alternative to using
the trigonometric identities in Eqs. (9.9) and
(9.10). Consider the set of axes shown in
Fig. 9.3(a).
The horizontal axis represents the magnitude
of cosine, while the vertical axis (pointing
down) denotes the magnitude of sine.
Angles are measured positively
counterclockwise from the horizontal,
as usual in polar coordinates. This graphical
technique can be used to relate two sinusoids.

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9.2 Sinusoids (9)

We obtain

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9.2 Sinusoids Example

Given v(t) = Vm sin (t +10o). Transform to Cosine

Solution

v(t) = Vm sin (t +10o)

v(t) = Vm cos (t + 10o - 90o)

v(t) = Vm cos (t 80o)

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9.2 Sinusoids Example 9.2

Solution:
Let us calculate the phase in three ways. The first two methods use trigonometric
identities, while the third method uses the graphical approach.
METHOD 1 In order to compare v1 and v2 we must express them in the
same form. If we express them in cosine form with positive amplitudes,

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9.2 Sinusoids Example 9.2(count..)

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9.2 Sinusoids PP 9.2

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Content
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sinusoids features
9.3 Phasors
9.4 Phasor relationships for circuit elements
9.5 Impedance and admittance
9.6 Kirchhoffs laws in the frequency domain
9.7 Impedance combinations
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9.3 Phasors
A phasor is a complex
number that represents the
amplitude and phase of a
sinusoid.
It can be represented in one
of the following three forms:
a.Rectang z x jy r (cos j sin )
ular
z r
b.Polar
z re j
c.Exponen
tial

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where

Engr. Kamran Zeb

x2 y2

tan 1
21

y
x

9.3 Phasors (2)

Mathematic operation of complex number:
z1 z 2 ( x1 x 2 ) j ( y1 y 2 )

1. Addition

z1 z 2 ( x1 x2 ) j ( y1 y 2 )

2. Subtraction

z1 z 2 r1r2 1 2

3. Multiplication

z1 r1
1 2
z 2 r2

4. Division

1
1

z
r

5. Reciprocal

b.*/= Polar

z r 2

6. Square root

z x jy r re j

7. Complex conjugate
8.
Eulers identity
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a.+=Rectangular

e j cos j sin

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9.3 Phasors , Example 9.3

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9.3 Phasors , Example 9.3

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9.3 Phasors , Example 9.3 (count..)

10 30 (3 j 4) 8.66 j 5 (3 4 j )
(b)

(2 j 4)(3 j 5) *
(2 j 4)(3 j 5)
11.33 j 9 14.73 37.66

14 j 22 26.08122.47
0.565 160.13

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9.3 Phasors , PP 9.3

Evaluate the following complex numbers:
a.

[(5 j2)( 1 j4) 5 60o ]

b.

10 j5 340o
10 30 o
3 j4

Solution:
a.

15.5 + j13.67

b.

8.293 + j2.2

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9.3 Phasors (3)

Transform a sinusoid to and from the time
domain to the phasor domain:

v(t ) Vm cos(t )
(time domain)

V Vm

(phasor domain)

Amplitude and phase difference are two principal concerns

in the study of voltage and current sinusoids.

Phasor will be defined from the cosine function in all our

proceeding study. If a voltage or current expression is in the
form of a sine, it will be changed to a cosine by subtracting
from the phase.

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9.3 Phasors (3)

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9.3 Phasors (3)

Table 9.1 Sinusoid-phasor transformation

Time domain
representation
Vm cos(t )

Phasor domain
representation
Vm

Vmsin (t )

Vm( 90)

I m cos(t )

I m

I m sin(t )

I m( 90)

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9.3 Phasors (3)

Lead or Lag seen Via Phasors
Such a graphical representation of phasors is known as a phasor diagram.

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9.3 Phasors , Example 9.4

Transform the following sinusoids to phasors:
i = 6cos(50t 40o) A
v = 4sin(30t + 50o) V
Solution:

a. I 6 40 A

b.

v(t) = -4 sin (30t +50o)V

v(t) = 4 cos (30t + 50 + 90o)

V 4140

v(t) = 4 cos (t + 140o)

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9.3 Phasors , Example 9.5

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9.3 Phasors , Example 9.5

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9.3 Phasors , PP 9.5

Transform the sinusoids corresponding to phasors:
a. V 2540 V
b. I j(5 j12) A

Solution:
a)

v(t) = 25cos(t-140o)V

b) Since I 12 j5 12 2 52 tan 1 ( 5 ) 13 22.62

12
o
i(t) = 13cos(t + 22.62 ) A
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9.3 Phasors , Example 9.6

Answer

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9.3 Phasors , PP 9.6

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9.3 Phasors (4)

The differences between v(t) and V:

v(t) is instantaneous or time-domain representation

V is the frequency or phasor-domain representation.
v(t) is time dependent, V is not.
v(t) is always real with no complex term, V is generally
complex.

Note: Phasor analysis applies only when frequency is

constant; when it is applied to two or more sinusoid
signals only if they have the same frequency.

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9.3 Phasors (5)

Relationship between differential, integral operation
in phasor listed as follow:

V V

v(t )

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dv
dt

jV

vdt

V
j
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9.3 Phasors , Example 9.7

Use phasor approach, determine the current i(t) in a circuit described
by the integrodifferential equation.

4i 8 idt 3

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di
50 cos( 2t 75)
dt

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9.3 Phasors , PP 9.7

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Content
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sinusoids features
9.3 Phasors
9.4 Phasor relationships for circuit elements
9.5 Impedance and admittance
9.6 Kirchhoffs laws in the frequency domain
9.7 Impedance combinations
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9.4 Phasor relationships for circuit elements

Transform the voltage-current relationship from the time domain to the
frequency domain for each element.
we will assume the passive sign convention.

Voltage and Current are in phase in resistance

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9.4 Phasor relationships for circuit elements

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9.4 Phasor relationships for circuit elements

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9.4 Phasor relationships for circuit elements

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9.4 Phasor relationships for circuit elements

The V-I Relationships for Capacitor

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9.4 Phasor relationships for circuit elements

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9.4 Phasor relationships for circuit elements

Summary of voltage-current relationship
Resistor:

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Inductor:

Engr. Kamran Zeb

Capacitor:

48

9.4 Phasor relationships for circuit elements

Summary of voltage-current relationship
Element
R
L
C

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Time domain

v Ri
vL

di
dt

dv
iC
dt
Engr. Kamran Zeb

Frequency domain
V RI

V jLI
I
V
j C
49

9.4 Phasor relationships for circuit elements Example 9.8

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9.4

Phasor relationships for circuit elements

PP 9.8

If voltage v(t) = 6cos(100t + 30o) is applied to a 50 F

capacitor, calculate the current, i(t), through the
capacitor.

Answer:

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i(t) = 30 cos(100t + 120o) mA

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9.5 Impedance and Admittance (1)

The impedance Z of a circuit is the ratio of the phasor
voltage V to the phasor current I, measured in ohms .
V
Z R jX
I
where R = Re, Z is the resistance and X = Im, Z is the
reactance. Positive X is for L and negative X is for C.
The admittance Y is the reciprocal of impedance,
measured in siemens (S) or mhos. G is conductance and
B is Sysceptance

1 I
Y G jB
Z V

52

9.5 Impedance and Admittance (2)

Impedances and admittances of passive elements
Element
R

Impedance

Admittance
1
R

ZR

Z j L

1
Y
jL

1
Z
j C

Y j C
53

9.5 Impedance and Admittance (3)

0; Z 0
Z j L

; Z
0; Z

1
Z
jC

; Z 0
54

Admittance

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9.5 Impedance and Admittance (5)

Example 8

Refer to Figure below, determine v(t) and i(t).

vs 5 cos(10t )

Answers: i(t) = 1.118cos(10t 26.56o) A; v(t) = 2.236cos(10t + 63.43o) V

57

9.5 Impedance and Admittance (4)

After we know how to convert RLC components
from time to phasor domain, we can transform
a time domain circuit into a phasor/frequency
domain circuit.
Hence, we can apply the KCL laws and other
theorems to directly set up phasor equations
involving our target variable(s) for solving.

58

9.6 Kirchhoffs Laws

in the Frequency Domain (1)
Both KVL and KCL are hold in the phasor
domain or more commonly called frequency
domain.
Moreover, the variables to be handled are
phasors, which are complex numbers.
All the mathematical operations involved are
now in complex domain.
59

9.7 Impedance Combinations (1)

The following principles used for DC circuit
analysis all apply to AC circuit.
For example:
a. voltage division
b. current division
c. circuit reduction
d. impedance equivalence
e. Y- transformation
60

voltage division

Current division

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9.7 Impedance Combinations (2)

Example 9

Determine the input impedance of the circuit in figure below

at =50 rad/s.

Answer: Zin = 32.38 j73.76

63

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