SKAA 3243

THEORY OF STRUCTURES
GROUP MEMBERS:
AUDREY GALE JOENOI
NOR ZARINA CHOK
NUR HIDAYAH BINTI MAT NOOR
NURFARAH AINI BINTI MOHD
ZAINI
NURUL HUSNA BINTI ABDULLAH

What are the possible reasons for the

settlement of the bridge?
Since bridges are very frequently constructed over
creeks or stream, the soils surrounding the bridge,
including the embankment foundations, are
subject to wide variations in moisture content with
seasonal changes. The result can be accelerated
or magnified compression of the foundation.

 Compression or Movement of Embankment Fill

- If a fill material is selected that is compressible over time
or inadequate compaction is conducted, the traffic loads
may cause the approach fill to compress and often lead to
settlement

Design / Construction Problems

- excessive settlement can occur simply because design
and/or construction issues are not properly addressed such
as the type of bridge abutment to be used, joint
selection, the method of compaction, or simply that the
approach is not constructed according to design.

Poor Drainage
- fill and foundation material reach a moisture content
which
is too high , the bearing capacity of the soil can be
lowered allowing settlement or movement of support soil and
lowering the elevation of the approach .

Do settlements affect vertical

reactions at all supports?
Based on our calculation, we have calculated the
vertical reaction with and without settlement. We
have clarified that the settlement affect the
vertical reaction as the reaction at all support are
different between the value of vertical reaction
with no settlement and with settlement.

WITH
SETTLEMENT

WITHOUT
SETTLEMENT

RA= 28960.78 kN
RB = 47626.787
kN
RC = 14818.933
kN

RA= 28960.78 kN
RB = 22961.385
kN
RC = 14818.933
kN

To what extent settlements are

affecting design of girders and the pier.
The settlements effect the design of girders and
the pier because the girders loss its own ability to
transfer load received by the bridge to the
foundation. Other than that, one inch of the pier
settle will produce an average of 5 to 10% stress
increase in girders.

Shall we allow passage of

traffics considering the
settlements?
From calculation we discover that it is safe to
across the bridges. The maximum moment that
the bridge can sustain is 106410.09 kNm from
slope deflection with settlement calculation.
The approximate moment for a vehicle to passed
through the bridge is 81kNm.

What would be the possible solutions in order to

reduce the settlement induced effects?

Pre compression of the foundation

- The foundation is compacted, the embankment
and perhaps a surcharge load are placed atop the
foundation area
The excavation process and replacement of the
soft soil can help to reduce the settlement of the
soil at the settlement.