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Multiplexing
Spread spectrum
Modulation
Cellular systems
MC SS05
2.1
coax cable
1 Mm
300 Hz
10 km
30 kHz
VLF
LF
optical transmission
100 m
3 MHz
MF
HF
1m
300 MHz
VHF
UHF
10 mm
30 GHz
SHF
100 m
3 THz
EHF
infrared
1 m
300 THz
visible light UV
= c/f
wave length , speed of light c 3x108m/s, frequency f
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/
MC SS05
2.2
etc.
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/
MC SS05
2.3
Cordless
Phones
Wireless
LANs
Others
Europe
USA
Japan
PDC
810-826,
940-956,
1429-1465,
1477-1513
PHS
1895-1918
JCT
254-380
902-928
IEEE 802.11
2400-2483
5150-5350, 5725-5825
IEEE 802.11
2471-2497
5150-5250
RF-Control
315, 915
RF-Control
426, 868
MC SS05
2.4
Signals I
MC SS05
2.5
Detection range
detection of the signal
possible
no communication
possible
Interference range
signal may not be
detected
signal adds to the
background noise
sender
transmission
distance
detection
interference
MC SS05
2.6
Signal propagation
Propagation in free space always like light (straight line)
Receiving power proportional to 1/d in vacuum much more in real environments
(d = distance between sender and receiver)
Receiving power additionally influenced by
fading (frequency dependent)
shadowing
reflection at large obstacles
refraction depending on the density of a medium
scattering at small obstacles
diffraction at edges
shadowing
reflection
refraction
scattering
MC SS05
diffraction
2.7
MC SS05
2.8
Multipath propagation
Signal can take many different paths between sender and receiver due to
reflection, scattering, diffraction
multipath
LOS pulses pulses
signal at sender
signal at receiver
MC SS05
2.9
Effects of mobility
Channel characteristics change over time and location
signal paths change
different delay variations of different signal parts
different phases of signal parts
Additional changes in
distance to sender
obstacles further away
long term
fading
power
MC SS05
2.10
Multiplexing
Multiplexing in 4 dimensions
channels ki
space (si)
k1
time (t)
frequency (f)
code (c)
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
c
t
c
t
s1
s2
t
s3
MC SS05
2.11
Frequency multiplex
Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands
A channel gets a certain band of the spectrum for the whole time
Advantages:
no dynamic coordination
necessary
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
works also for analog signals
k6
Disadvantages:
waste of bandwidth
if the traffic is
distributed unevenly
inflexible
guard spaces
t
MC SS05
2.12
Time multiplex
A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount of time
Advantages:
only one carrier in the
medium at any time
throughput high even
for many users
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
Disadvantages:
precise
synchronization
necessary
MC SS05
2.13
k1
k2
k3
k4
k6
c
f
k5
MC SS05
2.14
Code multiplex
Each channel has a unique code
All channels use the same spectrum
at the same time
Advantages:
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
bandwidth efficient
no coordination and synchronization
necessary
good protection against interference and
tapping
Disadvantages:
lower user data rates
more complex signal regeneration
MC SS05
2.15
Modulation
Digital modulation
digital data is translated into an analog signal (baseband)
ASK, FSK, PSK - main focus in this chapter
differences in spectral efficiency, power efficiency, robustness
Analog modulation
Motivation
smaller antennas (e.g., /4)
Frequency Division Multiplexing
medium characteristics
Basic schemes
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation (PM)
MC SS05
2.16
digital
data
101101001
digital
modulation
analog
baseband
signal
analog
modulation
radio transmitter
radio
carrier
analog
demodulation
analog
baseband
signal
synchronization
decision
digital
data
101101001
radio receiver
radio
carrier
MC SS05
2.17
Digital modulation
Modulation of digital signals known as Shift Keying
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK):
1
very simple
low bandwidth requirements
very susceptible to interference
MC SS05
2.18
interference
spread
signal
signal
power
spread
interference
detection at
receiver
Side effects:
coexistence of several signals without dynamic coordination
tap-proof
MC SS05
2.19
dP/df
i)
user signal
broadband interference
narrowband interference
ii)
f
sender
dP/df
dP/df
dP/df
iii)
iv)
f
receiver
v)
f
MC SS05
2.20
narrowband channels
4
frequency
narrow band
signal
guard space
channel
quality
spread
spectrum
frequency
MC SS05
2.21
many chips per bit (e.g., 128) result in higher bandwidth of the signal
Advantages
reduces frequency selective
fading
in cellular networks
tb
user data
0
XOR
tc
chipping
sequence
01101010110101
Disadvantages
resulting
signal
01101011001010
MC SS05
2.22
user data
X
chipping
sequence
transmit
signal
modulator
radio
carrier
transmitter
correlator
received
signal
demodulator
radio
carrier
lowpass
filtered
signal
sampled
sums
products
X
integrator
data
decision
chipping
sequence
receiver
MC SS05
2.23
Two versions
Fast Hopping:
several frequencies per user bit
Slow Hopping:
several user bits per frequency
Advantages
frequency selective fading and interference limited to short period
simple implementation
uses only small portion of spectrum at any time
Disadvantages
not as robust as DSSS
simpler to detect
MC SS05
2.24
td
f3
slow
hopping
(3 bits/hop)
f2
f1
f
td
f3
fast
hopping
(3 hops/bit)
f2
f1
t
MC SS05
2.25
user data
modulator
modulator
hopping
sequenc
e
hopping
sequenc
e
frequency
synthesizer
transmitter
received
signal
spread
transmit
signal
narrowband
signal
demodulator
data
demodulator
frequency
synthesizer
receiver
MC SS05
2.26
Cell structure
Implements space division multiplex: base station covers a certain
transmission area (cell)
Mobile stations communicate only via the base station
Advantages of cell structures:
higher capacity, higher number of users
less transmission power needed
more robust, decentralized
base station deals with interference, transmission area etc. locally
Problems:
fixed network needed for the base stations
handover (changing from one cell to another) necessary
interference with other cells
Cell sizes from some 100 m in cities to, e.g., 35 km on the country side
(GSM) - even less for higher frequencies
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/
MC SS05
2.27
Frequency planning I
Frequency reuse only with a certain distance between the base
stations
Standard model using 7 frequencies:
f4
f3
f5
f1
f2
f3
f6
f7
f2
f4
f5
f1
MC SS05
2.28
Frequency planning II
f3
f1
f2
f3
f2
f3
f1
f3
f1
f2
f3
f2
f3
f1
f3
f1
f2
f2
3 cell cluster
f4
f3
f3
f6
f5
f1
f2
f3
f6
f7
f5
f2
f4
f3
f7
f5
f1
f2
7 cell cluster
f2
f2
f2
f1 f
f1 f
f1 f
h
h
3
3
3
h 2
h 2
g2 1 h3
g2 1 h3
g2
g1
g1
g
1
g3
g3
g3
3 cell cluster
with 3 sector antennas
MC SS05
2.29
Cell breathing
CDM systems: cell size depends on current load
Additional traffic appears as noise to other users
If the noise level is too high users drop out of cells
MC SS05
2.30