SUPERCONDUCTOR

BODY CENTERED MEMBERS:

MOHD NAIM BIN W MAHMOOD AS04839

MOHD AIMAN HAZIQ BIN AHMAD HISHAMUDDIN
AS05281
ANIS BINTI ABDUL GHANI AS05066
NUR SYUHADA BINTI MOHAMAD NASIR AS05275
SITI NURFAHIRAH BINTI MUHAMAD AS04643

Learning outcome :
define and explain superconductor
describe the history of superconductor
explain their properties
explain how the superconductor work
describe the advantages and disadvantages of

superconductor
Describe their function and uses in daily life

InTroDucTiOn
WHAT IS SUPERCONDUCTOR?

Short history :
In 1911,

Superconductor was first discovered in mercury by Dutch

physicist, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University.
He cooled it to temperature of liquid helium, suddenly resistance
disappear.

In 1933,

Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld, German researchers

found how matter behaves at extreme cold temperatures.
superconductor material will repel magnetic field.
strong diamagnetism, called Meissner effect which is so strong
till a magnet can actually be levitated over a superconductive
material.

Introduction
is this a magic or so called LEVITATION

-Actually this is a SUPERCONDUCTOR!

SUPERCONDUCTOR:
An element/inter-metallic alloy/compound that will conduct electricity
without resistance below certain temperature.
Means: material that transport electron from one to
another atom with no resistnace and no heat.
Superconductor is also a material that reached the critical tempearture.

Properties
superconducting state does not exhibit

termoelectric effect
Zero resistance of superconductor change slightly

at very high freqeuncy

No change in photo electric properties
No change in reflectivity are observedin the visible

andinfrared region

SUPERCONDU
CTOR

REACTION

How does IT work?

The atoms making up a superconductor as being like:

- a regular array of positive charges held more or less in place, but
free to move by small amounts,
- an electron passing through the lattice will distort things slightly.
The atoms in the wake of a passing electron are pulled toward
where that electron used to be.
- A second electron coming along will see that disturbance in the
lattice, and have its trajectory altered by it. The net result is to
pull the second electron toward the first, and vice versa, creating a
small attractive interaction between them. That lattice-mediated
interaction is what causes the electrons to pair up. The resulting
pairs are called Cooper pairs after Leon Cooper, who worked
out how this would happen.

ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
OF
SUPERCONDUCTER

Advantage 1:
Transforming the Electricity Grid
Present day overhead cables will be replaced by buried superconducting
cables.
The electric power grid is among the greatest engineering achievements of
the 20th century. Demand, however, is about to overwhelm it.
Superconductor technology provides loss-less wires and cables and
improves the reliability and efficiency of the power grid. Plans are
underway to replace by 2030 the present power grid with a
superconducting power grid. A superconducting power system occupies
less real estate and is buried in the ground, quite different from present
day grid lines.

Advantage 2:
Improving Wide-Band telecommunication
Wide-band telecommunications technology, which operates best at gigahertz
frequencies, is very useful for improving the efficiency and reliability of cell phones.
Such frequencies are very difficult to achieve with semiconductor-based circuitry.
However, they have been easily achieved by Hypres's superconductor-based receiver,
using a technology called rapid single flux quantum, or RSFQ, integrated circuit
receiver. It operates with the aid of a 4-kelvin cry cooler. This technology is showing
up in many cell phone receiver transmitter towers.

Advantage 3:
Aiding Medical Diagnosis
One of the first large-scale applications of superconductivity is in medical
diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, uses powerful
superconducting magnets to produce large and uniform magnetic fields
inside the patient's body. MRI scanners, which contain liquid helium
refrigeration system, pick up how these magnetic fields are reflected by
organs in the body. The machine eventually produces an image. MRI
machines are superior to x-ray technology in producing a diagnosis

Advantage 4:
Easy And Smaller
Superconductor technology will help reduce the size and
weight of motors, generators, and supporting equipment.
Superconductor motors and generators, even with their
cooling systems, can be as much as 70% smaller and lighter
than conventional models and still produce the same amount
of power.

Disadvantages of Superconductors
Superconducting materials conduct only when kept below a given
temperature called the transition temperature. For presently known
practical superconductors, the temperature is much below 77 Kelvin,
the temperature of liquid nitrogen. Keeping them below that
temperature involves a lot of expensive cryogenic technology. Thus,
superconductors still do not show up in most everyday electronics.
Scientists are working on designing superconductors that can
operate at room temperature.

APPLICATION OF SUPERCONDUCTOR IN LIFE

MEDICAL

COMMUNICATION

TRANSPORTATION

ELECTRONIC

Transportation

Maglev trains - levitate the train above

magnetic rails
more efficient- enables them to operate without

friction

and acheive unheard of speeds

Benefit in transportation :
High-performance
make transportation propulsion systems more powerful yet
smaller and lighter.

 Ship - allow the same power plant to support

propulsion as well as other requirements.

more flexible arrangement,

more efficient and adopt to propulsion system

Medical

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

determining
what's going on inside the human body.

deliver a strong enough magnetic field so that hydrogen

atoms in the body's fat and water molecules will pick up
energy from the field which can then be detected and
display graphically by computer.

 SQUIDS (Superconducting Quantum

Interference Device)

like MRI - but without the need for a strong magnetic field.
They can detect magnetic fields of infinitely small
magnitudes
used for extremely precise motion detection.

elECTRONIC

Wire in electric generators

stores electricity from the grid within the magnetic field of a
coil comprised of superconducting wire with near-zero loss
of energy.
used to save space in wiring -Two hundred and fifty pounds
of liquid-nitrogen cooled superconducting wire is enough to
replace nine tons of conventional copper wire
more efficient than conventional generators wound with
copper wire (99%)

 used in transistor to perform logic function as a

part of complementary metal oxide semiconductor

used in microchip - reduce the resistance in the
circuit.

cause a dramatic boost in computational speed

Communication

Prospects for digital superconductor

microelectronics in wireless communications

HTS front-ends systems in 3-G mobile
communications
Superconducting optoelectronics for ultra fast
telecommunications
Cryogenic front-ends for wireless base
stations

Conclusion
Superconductor are always amazing in this world.
Production and transmission of electricity shoulb be

improved still more to conserve for future generation

Scientist are working on designing superconductor
that can operate at room temperature

REFERENCE
http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/113.web.stuff/travis/what_is.html
http://www.superconductors.org/History.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivity
http://www.ehow.com/info_8290562_advantages-disadvantages-superc

onductors.html
http://www.bccresearch.com/blog/report-archives/advantages-limitatio
ns-superconductors.html
www.superconductors.org/uses.htm
www.supraconductivite.fr/en/index.php?p=applications-intro
www.ccas-web.org/superconductivity/overview/

THE END