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MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE
Dr . Ercan Kahya
MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE
F ma
d (mV)
F
dt
d(Mom sys )
dt
d ( Momsys )
dt
d
vdV vV .dA
dt cv
cs
d
F vdV vV .dA
dt cv
cs
Momentum Principle
MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE
d
F vdV vV .dA
dt cv
cs
This equation states that the sum of the external forces acting
on the material in the control volume equals the rate of
momentum change inside the control volume (aka momentum
accumulation) plus net rate at which momentum flows out of
the control volume.
If there is no momentum accumulation;
F vV .dA
cs
d
F vdV cs vo mo cs vi mi
dt cv
In Cartesian coordinate (x,y,z) system, the component form of the momentum
equation in x-direction:
d
Fx v x dV cs vox mo cs vix mi
dt cv
Force Terms
FORCE DIAGRAMS
Forces associated with flow in a pipe:
(a) pipe schematic,
(b) control volume situated inside the pipe,
(c) control volume
surrounding the pipe.
In (b): The fluid within the control volume has been isolated from its
surroundings and the effects of the surroundings are shown as forces.
Forces in z direction: pressure, shear, and weight
In (c): The control volume cuts through the pipe wall.
Forces in z direction: pressure, tension (F1, F2), and weight (fluid +wall)
FORCE TYPE
Body Force: A force that acts on mass elements within the body
and acts at a distance without any physical contact.
Gravitational
Electrostatic
Magnetic
Surface Force: A force that requires physical contact, acting at
the control surfaces
All forces except weight in figure (b) and (c)
For example: hydrostatic pressure pressure integrated over the
area of control surface
F m o v ox m i v ix
This is the key equation to Chapter 6.
Sign convention is important !
For each flow stream: is it going
in or out of the CS?
In
Out
Systematic Approach
Problem setup
Select a control volume. Select coordinate axes. Select an inertial reference
frame.
Identify governing equations (scalar vs. vector), and the other equations
(Bernoulli, continuity) may also be applied.
Force analysis and diagram
Sketch body forces on the force diagram
Sketch surface forces on the force diagram
Momentum analysis and diagram
Evaluate the momentum accumulation term. If the flow is steady and other
materials in the CV are stationary, it is zero.
Sketch momentum flow vectors on the momentum diagram. For uniform
velocity, each vector is d mV / dt
Fluid Jets
Nozzles
Vanes
Pipe Bends
(Q 6.8)
A 15 m/s jet of water (diameter 30 mm) is filling a tank. The tank has a mass of 5
kg, and contains 20 liters of water as shown. The water temp is 15 deg C.
Find:
Force acting on the stop block.
Force acting on the bottom of the tank
SOLUTION
SOLUTION.cont.
d
F vdV vV .dA
dt cv
cs
Important reminder:
Vix = Vj Vb at station 1
Vox = 0
at station 2
SOLUTIONS
SOLUTIONS cont..