Artificial Intelligence

Made BY :SUJEET (16102)

What is Artificial Intelligence ?

making computers that think?

the automation of activities we associate with human

thinking, like decision making, learning ... ?

the art of creating machines that perform functions that

require intelligence when performed by people ?

the study of mental faculties through the use of

computational models ?

What is Artificial Intelligence ?

THOUGHT Systems that think Systems that think

like humans
rationally

Systems that act

like humans
BEHAVIOUR

HUMAN

Systems that act

rationally

RATIONAL

Acting Humanly: The Turing Test

Developing a machine working on behalf of human

The Turing Test approach

a human questioner cannot tell if

there is a computer or a human answering his question, via teletype (remote

communication)

The computer must behave intelligently

Intelligent behavior

to achieve human-level performance in all cognitive tasks

Systems that act like humans

These cognitive tasks include:

Natural language processing

Knowledge representation

to store information effectively & efficiently

Automated reasoning

for communication with human

to retrieve & answer questions using the stored information

Machine learning

to adapt to new circumstances

The total Turing Test

Total Turing test includes a video Signal so that interrogator can test
subject's perceptual ability as well as the opportunity to pass physical
objects through the hatch
To pass total Turing test Computer will need

Computer vision

to perceive objects (seeing)

Robotics

to move objects (acting)

Systems that think like humans:

cognitive modeling
Observing / Analysis of human behaviour.
How do we know how humans think?
We have three ways to do this:

Through introseption : trying to catch our own

thoughts as they go.

Through psychological experiments : observing a

person in action.

Through brain imaging : observing the brain in action.

Systems that think rationally

"laws of thought"

Humans are not always rational

Rational - defined in terms of logic?

Logic cant express everything (e.g. uncertainty)

Logical approach is often not feasible in terms of computation

time (needs guidance)

Eg:- A dog is a cat and X is a cat. so X is dog.

Logically output is incorrect but we get output based on our

argument.

Systems that act rationally:

Rational agent

Rational behavior: doing the right thing

The right thing : That which is expected to maximize the

expected return

Should either get best approach or best possible approach

A rational agent is a computer agent that operate

independently ,perceive their environment , persist
over prolonged time period ,adapt to change & create
& persue goals.

FOUNDATIONS OF AI.

Philosophy

Mathematics

Economics
Neuroscience
Psychology

Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical

system, foundations of learning, language,
rationality.
Formal representation and proof, algorithms,
computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability,
probability.
utility, decision theory, rational economic agents
neurons as information processing units.
how do people behave, perceive, process Cognitive Science
information, represent knowledge.
building fast computers

Computer
engineering
Control theory design systems that maximize an objective
function over time
Linguistics
knowledge representation, grammar

Thank You !!