The Structure of Atom

What is a mineral ?
a naturally occurring solid that has a define internal
structures and specific chemical composition in a
periodically repeating arrangement of atoms.
eg QUARTZ, EMERALDS, ETC

Mineral :
- naturally forming
- inorganic
- crystalline solid
- known chemical composition
- known physical properties

Different Mineral and not Mineral

Quartz is a mineral
ORDERLY ARRANGEMENT OF IONS
OR ATOMS INTO A LATTICE
WORK OF REPEATED THREE
DIMENSIONAL UNITS

Glass is not a mineral

GLASS IS NOT A MINERAL SUDDEN
COOLING OF MOLTEN ROCK RESULTS
IN LACK OF ORDERLY ARRANGEMENT

Ilustrasi dari batuan sampai atom

Biotite
Feldspars
Plagioclase

Drusy Quartz on Barite

Quartz
Granite
Silicon

Quartz

Oxygen

Definitions
Element : a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by
HEAT, COLD OR REACTION WITH OTHER 112 ELEMENTS.
ELEMENTS :

Atom

92 NATURAL, 20 LAB CREATION

: the smallest possible particle of an element that still retains

the properties of that element

Compounds : One or more elements combine in specific proportions to form
chemical compounds
EX: QUARTZ Si O2 (ONE Si ATOM 2 OXYGEN ATOMS)

Mineral : a naturally occurring solid that has a definite internal structures

and
specific chemical composition in a periodically repeating
arrangement of atoms. eg QUARTZ, EMERALDS, ETC

Rock

: an aggregate composed of one or more minerals

IONS
IONS: ELECTRICALLY CHARGED PARTICLE
Cations : form from metals because they have a low Ionization energy & will
readily give up electrons to obtain the electron configuration of a noble gas
Anions : form from non-metals because they have low Electron affinity and
will readily accept electrons to obtain the electron configuration of a noble gas
Electrons are transferred from the Cation to the Anion and the
charged ions attract each other

The Atom Components

DIAMETER ~ 10-8 CM (0.00000001CM)
ATOMS CONSISTS OF
OUTER ELECTRONS
NUCLEUS COMPOSED OF PROTONS & NEUTRONS

CHARGE OF A PROTON = +1---------1.60*10-19 C

MASS OF A PROTON = 1.67*10-24 G =1 ATOMIC MASS UNIT
(AMU)
NEUTRONS --------- NEUTRAL
238
U MASS ------- AMU
92
= 238 AMU
ELECTRONS TRAVEL AROUND THE NUCLEUS
ME =MP/1836 ------- MP= ME * 1836

Nucleus

NUMBER OF PROTONS (Z) = ATOMIC NUMBER

Protons

NUMBER OF ELECTRONS = NUMBER OF PROTONS

Neutrons
Shells
Electrons

ISOTOPES : ATOMS OF SAME ELEMENT WITH

DIFFERENT NEUTRON
NUMBER ( SAME Z BUT DIFFERENT ATOMIC WEIGHT)

How small is an atom?

Atoms are 1/10000000000 of a meter in length.SMALL!

The Atom Structure

The Quantum View of Atom

The Atomic Number

The PeriodicTable

The Atomic Mass

The Atomic Sizes

DIAMETER OF IONS

ENERGY LEVEL
ENERGY LEVEL : SPECIFIC REGION OF SPACE AROUND THE NUCLEUS
WHERE AN ELECTRON MOVES.
ELECTRONS FILL THE LOWEST ENERGY LEVELS BEFORE THEY START
FILLING HIGHER LEVELS
--- LOWEST ENERGY LEVEL 2 ELECTRONS
--- NEXT ENERGY LEVEL
8 ELECTRONS
--- NEXT ENERGY LEVEL
18 ELECTRONS
--- NEXT ENERGY LEVEL
32 ELECTRONS
Orbiting electrons in
energy levels

Nucleus

ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM-H ATOM

ENERGYLEVEL DIAGRAM He ATOM

ENERGY-LEVEL DIAGRAM Li ATOM

ENERGY-LEVEL DIAGRAM Na ATOM

Electronegativity
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract
toward itself the electrons in a chemical bond.
Electron Affinity - measurable, Cl is highest
X (g) + e-

X-(g)

Electronegativity - relative, F is highest

9.5

Electronegativity
The amount to which an atom attracts electron density

9.5

Classification of bonds by difference in electronegativity

Difference

Bond Type

Covalent

2
0 < and <2

Ionic
Polar Covalent

Increasing difference in electronegativity

Covalent

Polar Covalent

share e-

partial transfer of e-

Ionic
transfer e-

9.5

CHEMICAL BONDING
BONDING : ATOMS COMBINE TO FORM CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN
A VARIETY OF WAYS KNOWN AS BONDING.
TWO FACTORS THAT DETERMINE WHICH ATOMS WILL UNITED WITH OTHERS:
1. EACH ATOM SHOULD ACHIEVE CHEMICAL STABILITY
2. RESULTING COMPOUND SHOULD BE NEUTRAL

OCTET RULE : Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons in when

bonding to give 8 electrons in their valence shells.
WHEN OUTER-MOST ENERGY LEVEL IS FILLED, CHEMICAL STABILITY IS
ATTAINED
ATOMS BIND WITH OTHER ATOMS BY LOSING, GAINING OR SHARING
OUTER ELECTRONS
ATOMS WITH 1 OR 2 ELECTRONS, TEND TO GIVE UP
ATOMS WITH 6 OR 7 ELECTRONS, TEND TO ACCEPT
ATOMS WITH 3 OR 4 OR 5 ELECTRONS, TEND TO SHARE
INERT GAS

Chemical Bonding

Ionic bond

Hydrogen bond

Covalence bond

Metallic bond

van der Waals bond

IONIC BONDING

Occurs between + and - ions.

Requires electron transfer.
Large difference in electronegativity required.
Example: NaCl
Na (metal)
unstable

Cl (nonmetal)
unstable
electron

Na (cation)
stable

Coulombic
Attraction

Cl (anion)
stable

IONIC BONDING

EXAMPLES: IONIC BONDING

Predominant bonding in Ceramics

H
2.1
Li
1.0
Na
0.9
K
0.8
Rb
0.8
Cs
0.7
Fr
0.7

NaCl
MgO
CaF 2
CsCl

Be
1.5

O
F
3.5 4.0
Cl
3.0

Mg
1.2
Ca
1.0
Sr
1.0

Ti
1.5

Cr
1.6

Ba
0.9

Fe
1.8

Ni
1.8

Zn
1.8

As
2.0

Br
2.8
I
2.5
At
2.2

He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
-

Ra
0.9

Give up electrons

Acquire electrons

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the
Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell
University.
9

COVALENT BONDING
Requires shared electrons
Example: CH4
C: has 4 valence e,
needs 4 more

CH 4

H: has 1 valence e,
needs 1 more

Electronegativities
are comparable.

shared electrons
from carbon atom
H
shared electrons
from hydrogen
atoms

Adapted from Fig. 2.10, Callister 6e.

ATOMS WITH 3, 4, OR 5 ELECTRONS SHARE WITH OTHER SIMILARLY EQUIPPED ATOMS

*COVALENT BONDS ARE GENERALLY STRONGER THAN ANY OTHER BOND
10

SINGLE COVALENT BOND

A hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom each donate one valence
electron to form a chemical bond. These two valence electrons
forming the bond are shared by both atoms, resulting in a
SINGLE COVALENT BOND.

DOUBLE COVALENT BOND

Air, too, contains oxygen. Oxygen does not exist as a
single oxygen atom, but as a molecule of two oxygen
atoms.

These two oxygen atoms

share
two
pairs
of
valence electrons (four
valence electrons total)
between them, forming
a DOUBLE COVALENT
BOND.

TRIPLE COVALENT BOND

Another component of
air is nitrogen. Like
oxygen, nitrogen does
not exist as a single
nitrogen atom, but as a
molecule made up of
two nitrogen atoms.

The two nitrogen atoms in a molecule of nitrogen share

three pairs of valence electrons (six valence electrons
total) to form a TRIPLE COVALENT BOND.

Lengths of Covalent Bonds

Bond
Type

Bond
Length
(pm)

C-C

154

C C

133

C C
C-N

120

C N

138

C N

116

143

Bond Lengths
Triple bond < Double Bond < Single Bond

9.4

EXAMPLES: COVALENT BONDING

H2
H
2.1
Li
1.0
Na
0.9
K
0.8

Be
1.5
Mg
1.2
Ca
1.0

Rb
0.8
Cs
0.7

Sr
1.0
Ba
0.9

Fr
0.7

Ra
0.9

c o lu m n IV A

H2O
C(diamond)
SiC
Ti
1.5

Cr
1.6

Fe
1.8

Ni
1.8

Zn
1.8

Ga
1.6

C
2.5
Si
1.8
Ge As
1.8 2.0

F2
He
O
2.0

Sn
1.8
Pb
1.8

F
4.0
Cl
3.0
Br
2.8
I
2.5
At
2.2

Ne
-

Cl2

Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
-

GaAs

Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister 6e. (Fig. 2.7 is

adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition,
Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.

Molecules with nonmetals

Molecules with metals and nonmetals
Elemental solids (RHS of Periodic Table)
Compound solids (about column IVA)

11

The Hydrogen Bond

hydrogen bond occurs when a

hydrogen atom that is bound
to an electronegative atom is
also attracted to another
electronegative atom

The Metallic Bond

METALLIC BONDING: ATTRACTION OF NEGATIVELY CHARGED
ELECTRON CLOUD TO A CLUSTER OF POSITIVELY CHARGED NUCLEI.

Sea of
electrons

Arises from a sea of donated valence electrons

(1, 2, or 3 from each atom).

Primary bond for metals and their alloys

Van der Waals bond

Van der Waals:
Waals Weak forces of electrostatic attraction such as
between sheets of atoms held together by ionic or covalent bonds
Bond occur between atoms
and molecules that are very
close together and result
from charge asymmetry
in electron clouds, or
The bonds between the
molecules that allow sliding
and rupture to occur are
called van der Waal forces.

Nuwun