Geochemistry Slide 01

Lecture Slide 01 :
PRINCIPLES OF GEOCHEMISTRY
Narsito
Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
Gadjah Mada University
Jogjakarta
10-10-2011
SLIDE 01 Geochemistry
INTRODUCTION
The Subject of Geochemistry

A Brief History of Geochemistry
10-10-2011
The Subject of Geochemistry
Geochemistry : The chemistry of earth

materials. It deals with the distribution
and the migration of chemical elements
within the earth.
Cosmochemistry : The science of the
occurrence and the distribution chemical
elements in the whole universe.
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In order to understand the chemistry of the

earth, it is important that we know about
the chemistry and the history of the sun,
and the other planetary bodies in the solar
system as well as the chemistry of the stars
and interplanetary and interstellar space.
10-10-2011
The Purpose of Geochemistry (Goldschmidt) :

The primary problems of geochemistry are :
1. To determine quantitatively the composition

of the earth and its parts; and
2. To discover the laws (theoretical
descriptions) which control the distribution of

the individual elements
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In order to solve the problems :

Geochemist requires a comprehensive collection
of analytical data on terrestrial materials, such as
rocks, waters, and atmosphere.
Geochemist also uses analyses data of
meteorites, astrophysical data on the composition
of other cosmic materials, and geophysical data
on the nature of the earths interiors
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The Tasks of Geochemistry (Mason) :
1. The determination of the relative and
absolute abundances of elements and the

atomic species (isotopes) in the earth.
2. The study of distribution and migration of
the individual elements in the various parts

of the earth (the atmosphere, hydrosphere,
crust, etc.), and in minerals and rocks, with
the objective of discovering principles
governing the distribution and migration.
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The name geochemistry was first introduced by
Schonbein since more than 150 years.
Clark, who was a chief chemist of the US. Geological
Survey from 1884 to 1925, has contributed very
much to the science "geochemistry".
The modern science of geochemistry can be dated
back to Clark who published a very large number of
chemical analyses of the various rocks in the earth's
crust. He computed averages for each common rock
type and studied the mutual abundance and
distribution of many major and minor elements.
10-10-2011

Goldschmidt (1888-1947) contributed significantly to
the roles of ionic size, coordination, and atomic
substitution in crystal lattices.
He gave a practical definition for the science
geochemistry, as it deals with:
a. the abundance of elements in rock, mineral or
crystal,
b. the distribution of the elements, and
c. laws governing the abundance and distribution
of elements in rock, mineral or crystal.
10-10-2011
The Discovery of Elements

ERA
Alchemy
Lavoisier
1789
ELEMENTS
: Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sn, Hg, S, and C.
O, N, H, P, Cl, F, B, Sb, As, Bi, Co, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pt,
W, Zn, Ca, Mg, Ba, Al, and Si.
1800 1809
: Na, K, Nb, Rh, Pd, Ce, Ta, Os, and Ir.
1810 1819
: Li, Se, Cd, and I.
1820 1829
: Br, and Th.
1830 1839
: V, and La.
1840 1849
: Ru, Tb, and Er.
1850 1859
: -
10-10-2011
1860
01 and
Geochemistry
: Rb, SLIDE
In, Cs,
Tl
10
Alchemy
The Kowledge of Observation
How did alchemy lay the groundwork for

chemistry?
Alchemists developed the tools
and techniques for working
with chemicals.
Alchemists developed
processes for separating
mixtures and purifying
chemicals.
Mortar and Pestle
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They designed equipment that

is still in use today including
beakers, flasks, tongs, funnels,
and
the mortar and pestle. 11
SLIDE
01 Geochemistry
Chemistry
A Science of Measurement
How does Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?
Lavoisier transform
chemistry from a knowledge
of observation to the science
of measurement that it is
today.
Lavoisier designed a balance

that could measure mass to
the nearest 0.0005 gram.
He also showed that oxygen

Lavoisiers Laboratory :
After reconstruction
10-10-2011
is required for a material to

SLIDE 01
Geochemistry
12
burn.
What does a scientist do?

Scientists have to take the time to think logically
when they are investigating a scientific problem.
Scientists have to break things down into many

steps that make sense.
Scientists have to develop a question, gather

information and formulate a hypothesis.
Scientists have to create and conduct
experiments in order to test their hypothesis.
Scientists have to share their experiments and

findings with others.
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13
What is the key of scientific experiments?

A key to experiments is observing what happens and
writing it down. Gathering information or data and
documenting it so it is readable and makes sense to
others is really important.
Once a scientist completes an experiment, they often

repeat it to see if they get the same findings and
results. This is really what often called verification, or
checking things out to make sure everything was valid
and will happen again and again.
That is why scientists have to share their
experiments and findings with others. In that way,

scientists can learn from each other and often use
someone elses experiences to help them with what
they are studying or doing.
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14
Steps of Scientific
Method
Observations
Problem Identification
Hypothesis Formulation
Experiments : Design &
Execution
Conclusions
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15
Scientific Method : Practical

Steps
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16
Steps of Scientific Method

Observation
THINK FIRST
Search
Problem
Inductive
Analysis
Hypothesis
Design
Experimen
t
Design &
Execution
Inductive
Analysis
Conclusions
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DO IT
AFTERWARD
17
Scientific Method : The Development of

Science
Questio
n
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18
10-10-2011
19
Scientific Laws
A scientific law is a concise statement
that summarizes the results of many
observations and experiments.
A scientific law doesnt try only to
explain, but describes, the relationship.
That explanation requires a theory.
10-10-2011
20
Theories
Once a hypothesis meets the test of
repeated experimentation, it may become a
theory.
theory
A theory is a well-tested explanation for a
broad set of observations.
A theory may need to be changed at some
point in the future to explain new
observations or experimental results
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21
The Scientific
Method :
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22
The objective of scientific research :

A scientific research is usually directed to meet the
following objective(s) :
(i)finding new explanation (theoretical description),
related to the problem(s) being investigated.
(ii)examining, applying and/or developing existing
explanation (theoretical description), related to the
problem(s) being investigated.
10-10-2011
23

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Lecture Slide 01 :

The Subject of Geochemistry

The Subject of Geochemistry

Geochemistry : The chemistry of earth

In order to understand the chemistry of the

The Purpose of Geochemistry (Goldschmidt) :

1. To determine quantitatively the composition

2. To discover the laws (theoretical

descriptions) which control the distribution of

In order to solve the problems :

The Tasks of Geochemistry (Mason) :

1. The determination of the relative and

absolute abundances of elements and the

2. The study of distribution and migration of

the individual elements in the various parts

A Brief History of Geochemistry

A Brief History of Geochemistry

The Discovery of Elements

: Na, K, Nb, Rh, Pd, Ce, Ta, Os, and Ir.

: Li, Se, Cd, and I.

: Br, and Th.

: Ru, Tb, and Er.

The Kowledge of Observation

How did alchemy lay the groundwork for

Mortar and Pestle

They designed equipment that

How does Lavoisier help to transform chemistry?

Lavoisier designed a balance

He also showed that oxygen

is required for a material to

What does a scientist do?

Scientists have to break things down into many

Scientists have to develop a question, gather

Scientists have to create and conduct

experiments in order to test their hypothesis.

Scientists have to share their experiments and

What is the key of scientific experiments?

Once a scientist completes an experiment, they often

That is why scientists have to share their

experiments and findings with others. In that way,

Scientific Method : Practical

Steps of Scientific Method

Scientific Method : The Development of

The objective of scientific research :

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