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VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN A
PIPE
1.
2.
3.
1. VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF
STREAMLINE FLOW IN A PIPE
DERIVATION OF EQ 3.27-3.31
umax uCL
1 P 2 P d 2
4 l
l 16
Average velocity;
uCL
Q
r 2 P P d 2
u 2
r
8 l l 32
2
2. VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF
TRANSITIONAL FLOW IN A PIPE
ru x du x
Z
R dy
3. VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF
TURBULENT FLOW IN A PIPE
Where;
ux y 7
Ux is the velocity at a distance y from the wall
uCL r
Ucl the velocity at the axis of the pipe.
Sometimes refered to as the Prandtl one-seventh
power law
3. VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF
TURBULENT FLOW IN A PIPE
Q
49
u 2 u CL 0.817uCL
r
60
This relation holds provided that the oneseventh power law maybe assumed to apply over
the whole of the cross-section of the pipe.
This is strictly the case only at high Reynolds
numbers.
STREAMLINE VS TURBULENT
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION
U (average)
Total Kinetic
Energy
STREAM LINE
FLOW
TRANSITION
FLOW
TURBULENT
FLOW
1. SUDDEN ENGLARGEMENT
1. SUDDEN ENGLARGEMENT
The change in pressure -Pf is therefore given by;
Taken U1A1=U2A2
Optimum of taper
1.Circular pipe = 7o
2.Rectangular duct = 11o
2. SUDDEN CONTRACTION
EXERCISE 1:
Water flow at 3.6 m3/h through a sudden
enlargement from a 30 mm to a 40 mm diameter
pipe. What is the loss in head?
PIPE FITTINGS
Table 3.2: Friction losses in various pipe fittings for turbulent flow of fluid and are
expressed in terms of the equivalent length of straight pipe with the same
resistance.
EXERCISE 1:
2.27 m3/h water at 320 K (=0.65 mNs/m2) is pumped
in a 40 mm i.d. pipe through a distance of 150 m in a
horizontal direction and then up through a vertical
height of 10 m. In the pipe there is a control valve for
which the friction loss may be taken as equivalent to
200 pipe diameters and also other pipe fittings
equivalent to 60 pipe diameters. Also in the line is a
heat exchanger across which there is a loss in head of
1.5 m of water. If the main pipe has a roughness of
0.2 mm, what power must be supplied to the pump to
achieve 100 per cent efficient?
EXERCISE 2:12m
A
B
b)
c)
Determine the power required to pump the water due to the head loss
cause by the total friction.