Power System Control

ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials

Prof. Lou van der Sluis
November 14, 2016

Delft
University of
Technology

Electrical Power System Essentials

Introduction (1)

The customer expects electrical power at constant

frequency and voltage
The system load changes continuously
Electricity can not be stored in large quantities
Maintaining the balance between generation and
consumption

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Introduction (2)

The active power balance is controlled by generators

Another method is load shedding
The reactive power balance is controlled by generators
and static components
The synchronous generator plays an important role

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Increase of Active Power Consumption

f1 = 50 Hz (3000 RPM)

Kinetic energy in the rotating parts of the generator and

turbine are 200 MJ
Suddenly a 10 MW load is connected. What happens to
the frequency?
In 1 second the load consumes 10 MJ more active power P
The frequency will drop to 48.7 Hz
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Increase of Reactive Power

Consumption (1)
10 kV system:
P = 2 MW; cos = 0.9
Xgen = 3

This results in:

I = 128 A -26
Q = 969 kvar

Suddenly the load consumes Q = 1.5 Mvar and P remains at

2 MW. What happens?
The power factor drops to 0.8
The current becomes I = 146 -37
The terminal voltage drops with 100 V

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Increase of Reactive Power

Consumption (2)

P remains 2 MW
Q increases from 969 kvar 1.5 Mvar
I increases from 128 A -26 147 A -37
V drops with 100 V
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Increase of Reactive Power

Consumption (3)

S P jQ VI
I

V1 1 V2 2
Z

V1 1 V2 2
Z

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Increase of Reactive Power

Consumption (4)

S P jQ V2I
P Re S

V1 V2

Q Im S

V1 V2

X
X

sin(1 2 )
cos(1 2 )

V1 V2
X
V2
X

(1 2 )
V2
X

( V1 V2 )

Conclusion:
The voltage depends on the reactive power
The angle of transmission depends on the active power
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Some Important Conclusions

The frequency is a common parameter throughout the

system
The voltage is controlled locally
The control mechanism for P (rotor angle) and Q (voltage
amplitude) operate more or less separately

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The Primary Control

Speed governor control of a generating unit:

Speed governor characteristics:

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The Secondary Control or

Load Frequency Control
Power exchange between three control areas

a) The original (scheduled) situation

b) Incremental generation after losing 400 MW of generation in
control area B
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Voltage Control and Reactive Power (1)

Automatic voltage control

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Voltage Control and Reactive Power (2)

Tap-changing transformer

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Voltage Control and Reactive Power (3)

Capacitor banks

Courtesy of TenneT TSO

B.V.

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Reactive Power Injection

Static Var Compensator (SVC)

Current through a Thyristor Controlled Reactor

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Controlling Active Power Flows

The Phase Shifter

Phasor diagram of the phase shifter

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Controlling Reactive Power Flows (1)

A transmission line with a series capacitor

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Controlling Reactive Power Flows (2)

Thyristor-controlled series capacitor

TCSC reactance as a function of the Thyristor firing

angle
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5. Power System Control
Electrical Power System Essentials

ET2105