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ENGINEERING
REACTOR
REACTOR PERFORMANCE
Information needed to predict the reactor behaviour:
input
CONTACTING
PATTERNS
how materials flow &
contact each other?
flowing patterns
output
KINETICS
how fast things happen?
very fast - equilibrium
slow - rate, mass, heat
contact
aggregation etc.
Performance equation
CONSERVATION :
Input Output transformation=
Accumulation
Transformasi
Fisik
Kimiawi
Fi 0 Fi ri dV
ri
Biologi
Humaniti
dN i
dt
Vr dt
(vol reaktor)(w aktu)
SBS production
SBS production
KONSERVASI :
Input Output transformasi= Akumulasi
Fi 0 Fi ri dV
Tidak ada
Input & Output
dN i
riV
dt
dN i
dt
Tidak ada
Akumulasi
Fi 0 Fi
ri
dFi
ri
dV
SBS production
Impeller
Usage
Advantages
Disadvantages
1. Liquid phase
2. Gas-liquid rxns
3. Solid-liquid rxns
1.
1.
1.
2.
When
agitation is
required
Series
configurations
for different
concentration
streams
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Continuous
operation
Good
temperature
control
Easily adapts
to two phase
runs
Good control
Simplicity of
construction
Low operating
(labor) cost
Easy to clean
2.
Lowest
conversion per
unit volume
By-passing
and
channeling
possible with
poor agitation
CSTR Reactor
- design equations -
rate of rate of
rate of reactant
reactant
reactant
loss due to
flow into flow out chemical reaction
reactor of reactor in the reactor
rate of
accumulati
on
of reactant
in the reactor
rate of rate of
rate of reactant
reactant
reactant
loss due to
flow into flow out chemical reaction
reactor of reactor in the reactor
(rA )V
CSTR Reactor
m / s
3
mol / s
rate of reactant
rate of reactant
FA FA0 (1 X A )
FA0 FA0 (1 X A ) ( rA )V
FA 0 X A (rA )V
mol / s
design
equation
1 timerequiredtoprocessonereactorvolume
s offeedmeasuredatspecifiedconditions
Ex.
1 numberofreactorvolumesoffeedatspecified
s
conditionswhichcanbetreatedinunittime
Ex.
volumeofreactor
1 CA 0V volumeoffeed
molesofAentering
s
FA 0
time
V
reactorvolume
v 0 volumetricfeedrate
Residence time
= 1/S
S = 1/
HUBUNGAN S, , DENGAN
BEBERAPA VARIABEL LAIN YANG
TERKAIT
[Volume reaktor]
mole
A
masuk
s
FA 0
waktu
V
volume reaktor
v 0 kecepatan volumetrik
CSTR Reactor
- design equations -
Design equation:
FA 0 X A (rA )V
area
Residence time:
1 C V V
A0
s
FA 0
v0
A
FA 0 CA 0 rA
V C V C X
A0 A0 A
v0
FA 0
rA
A 0
FA 0 CA 0
CSTR Reactor
CA
CA 0
A 0
V
X
C CA 0
A A
FA 0 rA CA 0 (rA )
V CA 0 X A CA CA 0
v0
rA
rA
X Af X Ai
V
FA 0
rA f
VCA 0 CA 0 (X Af X Ai )
FA 0
rA f
Plug flow reactors have a high volumetric unit conversion, run for
long periods of time without labor, and can have excellent heat
transfer due to the ability to customize the diameter to the
desired value by using parallel reactors.
Disadvantages of plug flow reactors are that temperatures are
hard to control and can result in undesirable temperature
gradients. PFR maintenance is expensive. Shutdown and cleaning
may be expensive.
Applications
Plug flow reactors are used for some
of the following applications:
Large-scale reactions
Fast reactions
Homogeneous or heterogeneous
Characteristics:
disappeara nce
accumulation
input output
by reaction
dV
Input of A [moles/time]
Output of A [moles/time]
Disappearance of A by rxn.
FA
FA dFA
(rA )dV
dV
FA FA0 (1 X A )
X Af dX
dV
A
FA0 0 rA
X Af dX
dV
A
FA0 0 rA
X Af dX
V
FA0 C A0 0 rA
FA0 v0C A0
v0 volumetric flow m / s
3
X Af
X Af
X Ai
X Af dX
V VC A0
A
C A0
0
v0
FA0
rA
X Af dX
V
X Ai r
FA0 C A0
A
X Af dX
V VC A0
A
C A0
X Ai r
v0
FA0
A
A 0
CA,out
Regeneration
CA,in
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Increased Reactor Vessel Size: Because of the expansion of the bed materials in
the reactor, a larger vessel is often required than that for a packed bed reactor. This
larger vessel means that more must be spent on initial startup costs.
Pumping Requirements and Pressure Drop: The requirement for the fluid to
suspend the solid material necessitates that a higher fluid velocity is attained in the
reactor. In order to achieve this, more pumping power and thus higher energy costs
are needed. In addition, the pressure drop associated with deep beds also requires
additional pumping power.
Particle Entrainment: The high gas velocities present in this style of reactor often
result in fine particles becoming entrained in the fluid. These captured particles are
then carried out of the reactor with the fluid, where they must be separated. This
can be a very difficult and expensive problem to address depending on the design
and function of the reactor. This may often continue to be a problem even with other
entrainment reducing technologies.
Lack of Current Understanding: Current understanding of the actual behavior of
the materials in a fluidized bed is rather limited. It is very difficult to predict and
calculate the complex mass and heat flows within the bed. Due to this lack of
understanding, a pilot plant for new processes is required. Even with pilot plants,
the scale-up can be very difficult and may not reflect what was experienced in the
pilot trial.
Erosion of Internal Components: The fluid-like behavior of the fine solid
particles within the bed eventually results in the wear of the reactor vessel. This can
require expensive maintenance and upkeep for the reaction vessel and pipes.
Chemical Engineers