Sale of Goods Act, 1930

Prof: V. K. Agarwal
Visiting Faculty

Sale of Goods Act, 1930

The law relating to sale and purchase of goods, prior to 1930

were dealt by the Indian Contract Act, 1872.
In 1930, section 76 to 123 of the Contract Act was replaced
and a separate Act known as the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 was
passed.
The provisions of the Contract Act still apply to contracts of
sale of goods except where the Sale of Goods Act, 1930
specifically provides for the contrary.
Definition: A contract of sale of goods us a contract whereby
the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods
to the buyer for a price. (Sec. 4).
The term contract of sale is a generic term, which includes
sale and agreement to sale both

Essential Features of Sale

Bilateral Contract
Money Consideration
Goods
Transfer of Property
Essential Elements of a Contract

Goods
Goods

means every kind of movable

property other than actionable claims and
money. (Sec. 2 (7)
Classification of Goods _ means goods
identified and agreed upon at the time of a
contract of sale is made.
Ascertained Goods when, out of mass or
a lot of unascertained goods, the quantity
extracted is identified and earmarked for a
given contract.

Goods
Unascertained

Goods
Future Goods Means goods to be
manufactured or produced or
acquired by the seller after making of
the contract of sale.
Contingent goods the goods the
acquisition of which by the seller
depends upon a contingent event
which may or may not happen.

Effect of Perishing of Goods (Sec

7)
A

contract for the sale of specific goods

is void if the goods have perished at
the time of contract.
Contract is void ab initio if the goods
perished before the formation of
contract.
In agreement to sell it becomes void if
Subsequently the goods have perished
before the risk passes to the buyer.

The Price
Price

means the money consideration for

a sale of goods (sec. 2 (10)
Price can be fixed in the following ways:
By the contract or terms of agreement,
or
May be determined by course of dealing
between the parties.
It may be the price prevailing on a
particular day, or price to be fixed by a
third party.

Price
When

price is not capable of being

fixed by any of the above, the buyer
shall pay the seller a reasonable
price.

Conditions and warranties

As

a general rule, a person buying

something, is duty to see whether that
thing suits his purpose. This is called
doctrine of caveat emptor.
When a seller gives an express assurance
regarding the product should meet certain
minimum standards, breach of which has
the same effect as the breach of express
assurance. Such legal presumptions are
called implied Conditions and warranties.
Sec. 12 (120 & Sec. 12 (3).

Types of Implied Conditions

Condition

as to title
Sale of description
Sale by sample
Sale by description as well as samples
Condition as to fitness or quality
Condition as to Merchantability
Conditions implied by trade usuage
Conditions as to wholesomeness
Marketability.

Caveat Emptor & Exceptions

(Sec 16)
Where

the seller makes a misrepresentations

of fact;
Where the seller actively conceals a defect in
the goods;
Where goods are supplied by description and
they do not corresponds with the description;
Where the goods are supplied by description
and they are not of merchantability quality ;
When goods are sold by sample, and the
goods do not correspond with the sample.

Caveat Emptor & Exceptions

When

the goods are sold by sample

as well as description, and the bulk
of the goods do not match either the
sample or description, or both;
Where the buyer relies upon the skill
and judgment of the seller;
Where the trade usages or customs
implies some condition or warranty
and the seller deviates from that.

Passing of Property
Transfer

of property in the goods to the

buyer is the main object.
The significance of transfer of property
is that risks travels with property.
After the formation of the contract but
before the delivery of goods the
questions regarding the rights and
obligation are very crucial in the wake
of risk of loss being associated with
property.

Effect of passing of Property

Risk

Travels with property

Action against third party
Insolvency of seller or buyer
Sellers right for price

Rules regarding Passing of

Property
Goods

must be specific or ascertained

Property passes when intended to pass
Sale of Specific Goods Passing of
property at the time of contract.
Goods to be put in deliverable state.
Goods to be weighed or measured for
ascertaining their price.
Sale on approval.

Delivery to Carrier
Where

the goods are delivered to the

buyer or to a carrier or other bailee
for the purpose of transmission to
the buyer, the seller is deemed to
have appropriated goods to the
contract.
Provided without reserving the right
of disposal.

Transfer of Title
Sale

by mercantile agent,
Sale by joint owner,
Sale by person in possession under
voidable contract.
Seller in possession after sale.
Resale by an Unpaid Seller.

Performance of Contract
It

is the duty of the seller to deliver the goods

and of the buyer to accept and pay for them.
(sec. 31).
Unless otherwise agreed, delivery of the
goods and payment of the price are
concurrent conditions (sec. 32).
Delivery may be made by doing anything that
shall be treated as delivery, or which has the
effect of putting the goods in the possession
of the buyer, or of any person authorized to
hold them on his behalf. (Sec. 33).

Mode of Delivery
Actual

delivery
Constructive delivery constructive delivery
may takes place in either of the three ways1. seller in possession of goods after sale
agrees to hold them on behalf of the buyer;
or 2. buyer is in possession of the goods and
the seller agrees to his holding the goods as
owner; or 3. a third person in possession of
goods acknowledges to the buyer that he is
holding them on his behalf.

Part Delivery
A

delivery of part of goods, in

progress of the delivery of the whole
has the same effect as a delivery of
the whole; but a delivery of part of
goods, with an intention of serving it
from the whole does not operate as a
delivery of the remainder. (Sec 34)

Duty of Buyer to apply for

delivery
In

absence of any express contract, the seller

of goods is not bound to deliver them unless
the buyer applies for delivery. (Sec. 35).
Even when the goods are to be acquired by
the seller, and when they are acquired, and
the seller notifies the buyer that the goods
are in his possession, the buyer must apply
for the delivery.
The buyer has no cause of action against the
seller if he does not apply for delivery, unless
otherwise agreed.

Place of Delivery
The place of delivery of goods may be specified in
the contract itself.
Where no place is specified in the contract, the
following shall apply:
a. in case of sale, goods sold are to be delivered at
the place at which they are at the time of sale,
b. in case of an agreement to sale, goods are to be
delivered at the place at which they are at the
time of agreement to sale
c. if at the time of agreement to sell the goods are
not in existence, they are to be delivered at the
place where they are manufactured or produced.

Delivery of Goods
Where

the goods are in the possession

of a third person, there is no delivery
by seller to buyer untils such person
acknowledges to the buyer that he
holds the goods on his behalf.
Unless otherwise agreed, the
expenses of and incidental to putting
the goods into a deliverable state
shall be borne by the seller.

Delivery in Wrong Quantity Sec

37
Short

delivery,
Excess delivery,
Delivery of mixed goods,
Installment deliveries

Delivery to Carrier

Delivery to a carrier is deemed to be a delivery to

buyer.
The seller shall make such contract with the carrier
on buyers behalf as may be reasonable having
regard to the nature of goods and other
circumstances.
If the seller omit to do so, and the goods are lost or
damaged, the buyer may decline the delivery to
himself.
Where goods are sent by sea, the seller shall give
notice to the buyer to enable him to insured them,
if he fails to do so, the goods shall be deemed to
be at his risk.

Duties of the Buyer

Duty

to accept the goods and pay for them

in exchange of possession.
Duty to apply for delivery of goods
Duty to demand delivery at reasonable hour.
Duty to accept installment delivery and pay
for it.
Duty to risk of deterioration in the course of
transit.
Duty to intimate seller where he rejects the
goods.

 Duty

to take delivery.
Duty to pay the price.
Duty to pay damages for nonacceptance.

Unpaid Seller
The

seller of goods is deemed to be an

unpaid seller When the whole of the price has not been
paid or tendered ; or
When a bill of exchange or other
negotiable instruments has been received
as conditional payment.
The conditions has not been fullfilled by
reason of the dishonor of the instrument or
otherwise (sec. 45 -1).

Rights of Unpaid Seller

Notwithstanding

that the property in the

goods may have passed to the buyer, the
unpaid seller has by implication of lawa. a lien on the goods for price while he is
in possession of them.
b. in case of insolvency of the buyer a
right of stopping the goods in transit; and
c. a right of resale. (Sec 45 1)

Rights against Goods

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Unpaid Sellers Lien (Sec 47)

Where the goods have been sold without
stipulation as to credit; or
Where the goods have been sold on
credit, but terms of credit has expired; or
Where the buyer becomes insolvent.
The right of lien exists only for the price
of the goods.
Where the part delivery of the goods has
been made, he may exercise his right of
lien on the remainder.

Termination of Lien (Sec. 49)

When

he delivers the goods to a

carrier or other bailee for
transmission to the buyer without
reserving the right of disposal;
When the buyer or his agent lawfully
obtain possession of the goods; and
by waiver thereof.

Rights of Stoppage in Transit

Delivery
-

To Buyer:
Goods are deemed to be in course of
transit from the time when they are
delivered to a carrier or a bailee, until
the buyer or his agent takes delivery.
The transit ends when the buyer or his
agent takes delivery of the goods from
the carrier before their arrival at the
appointed destination.

 Acknowledgement

By Buyer:
- When the goods have arrived at their
destination and the carrier
acknowledges to the buyer or his
agent that he is now holding the
goods on his behalf, the transit is at
the end.

Rejection By Buyer
If

the goods are rejected by the buyer, and the

carrier or other bailee continues in possession
of them, the transit is not at an end.
Wrongful Refusal to Deliver:
- Where the carrier wrongfully refuses to deliver
the goods to the buyer or his agents, the
transit is at a end.
- Part Delivery: Where the goods have been
delivered in part, the seller may stop the
remainder of the goods, unless the part
delivery shows an agreement to give up the
possession of the whole.

When Transit Comes To An

End
When

the buyer or his agent takes the

delivery of the goods from the carrier
before their arrival at the destination.
When the goods have arrived at their
destination and the carrier acknowledges
to buyer or his agent.
Where the goods are delivered to a ship
chartered by the buyer, the carrier is the
agent of the buyer.
Where the carrier wrongfully refuses to
deliver the goods to the buyer of his agent.

Right of Resale (Sec 54)

A contract of sale is not rescinded by mere

exercise of right of lien or stoppage in transit.
Where the unpaid seller gives notice to the buyer
of his intention to resell, he may resell the goods
and recovers from the buyer damages for any
loss.
If no notice is given, the unpaid seller is not
entitled to recover damages and the buyer shall
be entitled to the profit.
Where the seller reserves a right of resale and sell
the goods, the original contract is thereby
rescinded, but without prejudice to any claim by
the seller.

Sellers Remedies Against

Buyer

a.

b.

Suit for price

Damage for non-acceptance
Damages are assessed as follows:
Where the goods have a ready market, the
buyer has to pay the loss that the seller has
sustained on reselling the goods,
If the seller does not resell the goods, the
difference the contract and market price on
the day breach is the measure of damages.

c. Where the goods are delivered by

installments, the difference in prices
is to be reckoned on the day that a
particular installment was to be
delivered.

Buyers Remedies Against

Seller
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Damages for non-delivery.

Remedy for breach of warranty.
Specific performance.
Anticipatory breach.
Recovery of interest.

Auction Sales (Sec. 64)

An

auction sale is complete when the

auctioneer announces its completion
by the fall of the hammer.
The bidder can withdraw before the
acceptance of his bid and his security
amount can not be forfeited.
The law does not prevent the seller
from bidding provided he expressly
reserve the right to bid.

 If

the seller appoint a puffer the

seller (persons who make bids in
order to prompt bidding at higher
prices), the sale is void able at the
option of the buyer.
Auction subject to a reserve or upset
price means a price below which the
auctioneer will not sell.

Knock out Agreement

An

agreement among bidders not to bid

against each other.
It is a combination to prevent competition
inter se.
An agreement that only one of them will bid
and dispose of any thing so obtained
privately among themselves.
Not illegal per se but if the intention is to
defraud a third party then knock out is
illegal.

Damping
An

unlawful act discouraging the intending

purchasing from bidding
by pointing out defects in the goods in the
auction sale, or
by taking away the intending purchaser
from the place of auction by some other
method.
Damping is illegal and the auctioneer is
entitled to withdraw the goods from the
auction.

Problems
A applied for 500 equity shares in a Company C

with part payment as the share application

money only. The company received the
application form and its Secretary (Company
Secretary) completed the formalities and posted
a letter of allotment to A and entered his name in
the register of shareholders. The letter, however,
never arrived. Sometimes later the Company C
went into liquidation.
What are the rights and liabilities of A and C?

Held:
A was liable for the balance sum to C or

liquidator. The share became his property as

soon as the letter was posted, even though A
never received it.

Problem
A of Mumbai writes to a bookseller from New

Delhi to supply him a book by parcel post.

The bookseller acts accordingly but the
parcel is lost on its way.
Can A deny paying the price?

Held
A cannot deny payment, since delivery

to the carrier is deliver to the buyer.

Problem
A agreed to pay Rs. 1,00,000 if B shifted

his real estate business from the area

where the former (A) was doing the
same business. B promises but later
refuses to do so.
What are the rights and liabilities of A
and B?

Held
Agreement in restraint of trade is void

under sec. 27 (Sale by person not the

owner).

Problem
A applies to a banker for a loan at a

time when there is stringency in the

money market. The banker declines to
make the loan expect at an unusually
high rate of interest. A accepts the loan
on these terms.
Is contract induces by undue
influence?

Held
No,

The transaction is enforceable for

it is not a case of undue influence but
one of normal operations of market
forces.

Problem
A grocer supplied monthly ration for

five months to B, who was aged 17

years and 5 months. B failing to pay the
bills for the supplies, the grocer
decides to sue him for realization of his
dues.
Could he succeed had he done so?

Held
Grocer could recover the amount from

Bs Property, since minor has to pay

from his estate for the expenses of
daily requirement.

Problem
A flat was to be decorated and furnished

for Rs. 50,000. When the work was over,

the customer only paid Rs. 26,000 by
instalments. Then because of defects to
a bookcase and wardrobe that could cost
about Rs. 15,000 to put right, he refused
to pay remaining sum of Rs. 24,000.
Decide. How much balance amount to be
paid by A?.

Held
The decorator can claim the balance

less the amount representing the

defects on the basis of substantial
performance.
Advertising Films.

Problem
A purchased fruit jam bottle from B.

While opening the bottle in normal

manner, the neck of the bottle broke off
and As hand was injured.
What are rights and liabilities of A and
B?

Held
The goods were not of

merchantable

quality .
A could recover the damages from B.
Duty of Care.

Defects
Any fault, imperfection or shortcoming in

the quality, quantity, potency, purity or

standard which is required to be
maintained by or under any law for the
time being in force or under any contract
express or implied or as is claimed by the
trader in any manner whatsoever in
relation to any goods.

Product Liability
The purpose of the Product Liability Law

is to protect the consumer from the

manufactures, distributors etc. for putting
the product in the market, which is
dangerous and defective without proper
protections and precautions and for not
warning the consumers properly as to its
uses or consequences.

Consumer Rights
Right to

safety against hazardous

goods and services.
Right to be informed about quality,
quantity, purity, standard, price
Right to choose from a variety at
competitive prices
Right to be heard
Right to seek redressal
Right to consumer education

Problem
C advances to B, his tenant, Rs. 2,000

on the guarantee of A. C also has

further security for Rs. 2000 by way of
mortgage of Bs furniture. C cancels
the mortgage. B becomes insolvent
and C sues A on his guarantee.
What is liability of A and that of B?

Held
A is discharged from the liability to the

amount of the value of the furniture .

Void Contract
A void contract is one which is

short of all
legal effect. It cannot be enforced and
confers no rights on either party. Every
agreement of which the objects or
consideration is unlawful is void.
The consideration or object of agreement is
lawful unless:
It is forbidden by law, or if permitted it would
defeat the provision of law,

Void Contract
or
Is fraudulent
Involves or implies injury to the person or
property of another or,
The court regards it as immoral or opposed
to public policy
Contracts that restrict legal proceedings are
void, except the Arbitration proceedings.

Voidable Contracts
When consent to the agreement is caused

by coercion, fraud, misrepresentation or

undue influence the agreement is a
contract voidable at the option of the party
whose consent was sp caused. The
contract will however be binding, if the
party affected does not exercise the option
to avoid the agreement within a
reasonable time.

Voidable Contracts
The party to contract whose consent was

caused by any of the causes then he may

if he thinks fit insist that the contract shall
be performed and he shall be put in the
position in which he would have been if
the representation made had been true.

Contingent Contract
Two Parties
Object to compensate the loss
Nature reimbursement of loss
Nature of liability

- liability of indemnifier is

primary
Indemnifier acts independently
Indemnifier cannot sue third parties in his
own name.

Guarantee Contract
Three parties
To obtain loan, credit, job
For security of creditor
Liability of surety is

secondary
The surety gives guarantee on request
From creditor
The guarantor can sue the debtor after the
debt is discharged.

Delivery of Goods
Delivery is the transfer of possession from

one person to another.

Delivery may be:
Actual or physical delivery takes place
where the goods are handed over by the
seller to the buyer or his agent authorized
to take possession of the goods.

Delivery of Goods
Constructive delivery takes place when the

person in possession of goods

acknowledges that he holds the goods on
behalf of and at the disposal of the buyer.
Symbolic delivery is made by indicating or
giving symbol, here the goods themselves
are not delivered, but the means of
obtaining possession of goods is delivered .

Rules of Delivery
Delivery should have the effect of putting

the buyer in possession of goods

The seller must deliver the goods
according to the contract
The seller is to deliver the goods when the
buyer wants the delivery

Rules of Delivery
Where the goods at the time of sale are in

possession pf a third person, there will be

delivery only when that person
acknowledges to the buyer that he holds
the goods on his behalf.
The seller should tender the delivery so
that buyer can take the goods

Rules of Delivery
The goods must be delivered at the

specified place, as per the contract, during

working hours on a working day.
The seller has to bear the cost of delivery
unless the contract otherwise provides, and
cost of receiving the delivery by the buyer.
Unless otherwise agreed the buyer is not
bound to accept delivery in instalments.

Goods
Sec. 2 (7) of the Act states goods means

every kind of moveable property other

than actionable claims and money, and
includes stock & shares, crop attached to
or forming part of the land which are
agreed to be served before sale or under
contract of sale.

Goods
An actionable claim is what a person

cannot make a present use, but what

can be recovered by him by suit or
action, hence this is not goods.
As per the provisions of the Transfer of
Property Act Goodwill, Trade Mark,
Patient, Copy rights are all goods.

Goods
Goods may be Existing, Future or

Contingent
Existing Goods may be either specific or
generic or ascertained or unascertained.
Existing goods are specific goods which
are identified and agreed upon at the time
of contract of the sale.

Goods
Ascertained goods are either specific
goods at the time of contract or are
ascertained or identified to the contract
later on.
Generic or unascertained goods are
goods which are not specifically identified
but are indicated by description.

Goods
Future Goods are goods which will be
manufactured or produced or procured
by the seller after the making of the
contract to sale.
Contingent Goods: sale of goods the
acquisition of which by the seller depends
upon a contingency which may or may not
happen. Thus contingent goods are future
goods.

Goods
Perishing

of goods: In case of
contract to sale of specific goods, the
contract is void if the goods have
perished or become so damaged, but
in case of generic goods the contract
is not rendered void but is valid.
Seller is bound to buy them in market
and supply them.

Goods
In

case the contract does not amount

to sale , but only agreement to sell
and the goods perish or are damaged
subsequent to the agreement, but
before the risk to the buyer, the
agreement is void.

Competition and Consumer

Protection
In

order to protect the consumers from

exploitation and to save them from
adulterated and substandard goods and
deficient services, the Consumer
Protection Act came into force on 15th
April, 1986.
The act has been amended three times in
1991, 1993 and 2002.
The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 is a
mile stone in the history of Socioeconomic legislation in the country.

Competition and Consumer

Protection

The

main objective of the Act is to provide

for the better protection of consumers.
Unlike existing laws which are punitive or
preventive in nature, the provisions of this
Act are compensatory in nature.
The Act is intended to provide simple,
speedy and in expensive redressals to the
consumers grievances, and remedies of a
specific nature and award of compensation
whenever appropriate to the consumer.

Competition and Consumer

Protection

In

absence of equitable competition

rules, there is every possibility that the
large business enterprises may take good
advantage of exercising the dominant
market power to control the market place
activities by nefarious means like the
establishments of cartels, which
ultimately affect the interest of the
business organizations in the developing
countries.

Competition and Consumer

Protection

The

enactment of an effective competition law

is felt inevitable dire need arose to curtail the
monopoly of big enterprises that are created
due to the free and liberalized accesses to the
markets in the international business.
Spurious goods and services are now regarded
as unfair trade practices. It is now compulsory
to display information about the content,
manner and effect of hazardous goods and
services as well. The scope of Restrictive
Trade Practices has been widened and
includes tie-up sales and trying
arrangements.

Product Liability Law

The

purpose of the Product Liability

Law is to protect the consumer from
the manufactures, distributors etc.
for putting the product in the market,
which is dangerous and defective
without proper protections and
precautions and for not warning the
consumers properly as to its uses or
consequences.

Product Liability Law

The

general rule is that only those people

whose fundamental rights have been
infringed can go to the Supreme Court
under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.
Under PIL, Courts take up cases that
concern not the rights of the petitioners but
of the public at large. The basis purpose of
the PIL (Public Interest Litigation) is the
enforcement of public interest of general
interest in which the public or class of the
community have preliminary interest or
some interest by which their legal rights or
liabilities are affected.

Summary
Applicability
Amendments

1993 & 2002

Who is Consumer
Consumer of Goods who buys or
agrees to buy goods or any user of
such goods.
2. Consumer of Services hires or
avails any beneficiary of such
service.
1.

Consumer Need Protection

Against
Unfair

trade practice
Restrictive trade practice
Defects
Deficiencies

Unfair Trade Practice

Adopting

unfair trade methods or deception

to promote sale, use or supply of goods or
services e.g.
Misleading public about price (bargain price
when it is not so)
Charging above MRP printed.
Falsely claiming a sponsorship approaval or
affiliation
Offering misleading warranty or guarantee.

Restrictive Trade Practice

Price

fixing or output restraint re:

delivery/flow of supplies to impose
unjustified costs restrictions on consumers.
Collusive tendering; market fixing
territorially among competing suppliers,
depriving consumers of free choice, fair
competition.
Supplying only to particular distributors or
on condition of sale only within a territory.

 Delaying

in supplying goods/services
leading to rise in price.
Requiring a consumer to buy/hire any
goods or services as a precondition
for buying/hiring other goods or
services.

Defects
Any

fault, imperfection or
shortcoming in the quality, quantity,
potency, purity or standard which is
required to be maintained by or
under any law for the time being in
force or under any contract express
or implied or as is claimed by the
trader in any manner whatsoever in
relation to any goods.

Deficiency
Any

fault, imperfection, shortcoming

or inadequacy in the quality, nature
and manner of performance which is
required to be maintained by or
under any law for the time being in
force or has been undertaken to
performed by a person in pursuance
of a contract or otherwise in relation
to any service.

Consumer Rights
Right

to safety against hazardous

goods and services.
Right to be informed about quality,
quantity, purity, standard, price
Right to choose from a variety at
competitive prices
Right to be heard
Right to seek redressal
Right to consumer education

Forum & Jurisdiction

Consumer

Disputes Redressal Forums

(District Forum) Claims less than or equal
Rs. 20 lacs.
Consumer Disputes Redressal
Commissions (State Commission) Claims
more than Rs. 20 lacs and less than Rs. 1
crore & appeals.
National Consumer Disputes Redressal
Commission (National Commission) Claim
equal to Rs. 1 crore & appeals.

Requisite of a complaint
Who

can file a complaint

Where to file a complaint
How to file a complaint
What constitutes a complaint
Procedure for filing the appeal

Essential Information
In The Application
Name

and full address of complaint

Name and full address of opposite party
Description of goods and serves
Quality and quantity
Price
Date and proof of purchase
Nature of deception
Type of redressal prayed for

Benefits & Relief's

Benefit

disposal within 90 days

no adjournment shall ordinarily
be granted (Speedy Trial)
Relief - Removal of defects in goods or
deficiency in services.
Replacement of defective goods
Refund against defective goods or
deficient services
Compensation
Prohibition on sale of hazardous goods

IT Act (Cyber Law)

The

Act is a comprehensive piece of

legislation, which aims at policing some
of the activities over the Internet. The
fundamental approach of the Act is
towards validating and legalizing
electronic and on-line transactions. The
act, 2000 fills the critical gaps in ebanking by providing protection against
the possible abuse and misuse of
services.

 The

Act provides legal recognition to

digital signatures and also envisages
a scheme of digital signature
certificates to issued by the third
parties. The Model Law offers a broad
definition of digital signatures and is
technologically neutral.

 The

increase in volume of transactions

is bound to attract the attendant risks
of cyber misconduct, which do not
find a place under the existing laws.
The Information Technology Act, 2000
is a major enactment initiative to
prove legal frameworks for security
provisions of e-commerce in harmony
with internal cyber laws.