BJT & JFET

FREQUENCY RESPONSE

INTRODUCTION
Previous amplifier analysis has been
limited to a particular frequency;
Ignores the effects of the capacitive
elements
Analysis reduced to one that includes
only resistive elements and sources of
the independent and controlled variety

INTRODUCTION
Investigate frequency effects
introduced by
Large capacitive networks low
frequency
Smaller capacitive elements high
frequency

General Frequency Considerations

The coupling and bypass capacitors
were considered to be ideal shorts
Internal transistor capacitances were
considered to be ideal opens
Valid only when frequency is in
amplifiers MIDRANGE.

General Frequency Considerations

Capacitive Reactance decreases with increasing
frequency and vice versa
When frequency is too low enough, coupling and
bypass can no longer be considered shorts:
Reactance high enough
When frequency is high enough, internal transistor
capacitances can no longer be considered opens:
Reactance too small

General Frequency Considerations

Gain versus Frequency
a) RC-coupled amplifiers
b) Transformer-coupled
amplifiers
c) Direct-coupled
amplifiers

General Frequency Considerations

To fix the frequency

boundaries of relatively high

gain, was chosen to be the
gain at the cutoff levels.

The multiplier 0.707 was

chosen because at this level
the output power is half the
mid-band power output

General Frequency Considerations

At mid-frequences,
At half-power frequencies,

General Frequency Considerations

The bandwidth (or passband),

Low-Frequency Analysis Bode Plot

In the low frequency
region, it is the RC
combinations formed by
the network capacitors and
the resistive parameters
that determine the cutoff
frequencies.

Low-Frequency Analysis Bode Plot

At very high frequencies,

The short circuit

equivalent can be
substituted to the
capacitor.

Low-Frequency Analysis Bode Plot

At,

The open circuit

approximation can be
applied.

Low-Frequency Analysis Bode Plot

Low-Frequency Analysis Bode Plot

BODE PLOT piecewise linear plot of the asymptotes

and associated break points for the magnitude and
frequency.

A change in frequency by a factor of 2, equivalent to 1

octave, results in a 6-db change in the ratio as noted by
the change of gain from to .
For a change in frequency, equivalent to 1 decade, there
is a 20-dB change in the ratio as demonstrated between
frequencies of to .

Low-Frequency Analysis Bode Plot

A change in frequency
by a factor of 2,
equivalent to 1 octave,
results in a 6-db
change in the ratio as
noted by the change of
gain from to .

Low-Frequency Analysis Bode Plot

For a change in
frequency, equivalent
to 1 decade, there is
a 20-dB change in the
ratio as demonstrated
between frequencies
of to .

LOW FREQUENCY RESPONSE

BJT Amplifier

Low Frequency Response - BJT

Low Frequency Response - BJT

normally
connected
between the
applied
source and
the active
device

Low Frequency Response - BJT

Low Frequency Response - BJT

normally
connected
between the
output of the
active device
& the applied
load.

Low Frequency Response - BJT

Low Frequency Response - BJT

bypass
capacitor
connected at
the emitter
terminal

Low Frequency Response - BJT

Low Frequency Response - BJT

Low Frequency Response - BJT

EXAMPLE
Determine the lower cutoff
frequency for the network
using the following

parameters:

LOW FREQUENCY RESPONSE

FET Amplifier

Low Frequency Response - FET

Low Frequency Response - FET

coupling
capacitor
between the
source and
the active
device

Low Frequency Response - FET

coupling
capacitor
between the
active device
and the load

Low Frequency Response - FET

source
capacitor

For

Low Frequency Response - FET

Low Frequency Response - FET

EXAMPLE
Determine the lower cutoff frequency for the network
using the following parameters:

FREQUENCY RESPONSE
Miller Effect Capacitance

Miller Effect Capacitance

In high frequency region, the
capacitive elements of importance
are the inter-electrode (between
terminal) capacitances internal to
the active device & the wiring
capacitance between the lead of the
network.

Miller Input Capacitance

For inverting amplifiers, the input
and the output capacitance is
increased by the capacitance level
sensitive to the inter-electrode
capacitance between the input and
the output terminals of the device
and the gain of the amplifier.

Miller Input Capacitance

Network employed in the derivation of an equation for the Miller input

capacitance.

Miller Input Capacitance

Any inter-electrode
capacitance at the input
terminals to the amplifier
will simply be added in
parallel with the elements.

Demonstrating the impact of Miller effect capacitance

Miller Output Capacitance

The Miller effect will also increase the
level of output capacitance, which
must also be considered when the
high-frequency cutoff is determined.

Miller Effect Capacitance

Network employed in the derivation of an equation for the Miller output

capacitance.

HIGH FREQUENCY RESPONSE

BJT Amplifier

High Frequency Response-BJT

Coupling and bypass capacitors are

all assumed short-circuit state at
these frequencies.

High Frequency Response-BJT

High Frequency Response-BJT

High-frequency ac equivalent model for the network

High Frequency Response-BJT

:
Includes input wiring capacitance , the
transition capacitance and the input Miller
capacitance

:
Includes output wiring capacitance , the
parasitic capacitance and the output Miller
capacitance

High Frequency Response-BJT

Thevenin circuits for the input and output networks

High Frequency Response-BJT

High Frequency Response-BJT

High Frequency Response - BJT

EXAMPLE
Determine the high cutoff
frequencies for the network
using the following

parameters:

High Frequency Response-FET

Coupling and bypass capacitors are

all assumed short-circuit state at
these frequencies.

High Frequency Response-FET

High Frequency Response-FET

High frequency ac equivalent circuit

High Frequency Response-FET

High frequency ac equivalent circuit

High Frequency Response-FET

High Frequency Response-FET

High Frequency Response - FET

EXAMPLE
Determine the high cutoff frequencies for the network
using the following parameters:

With the addition of