Human Anatomy,

First Edition

McKinley & O'Loughlin

Chapter 5 Lecture Outline:

Integumentary System

The Integument

The skin that covers your body.

Skin is also known as the
cutaneous membrane.
Integumentary system consists of
the skin and its derivativesnails,
hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous
glands.
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The Integument

Is the bodys largest organ.

Its surface is covered by an epithelium that
protects underlying body layers.
The connective tissues contain blood vessels
that provide nutrients and provide strength
and resilience to the skin.
Smooth muscle controls both blood vessel
diameter and hair position.
Neural tissue supports and monitors sensory
receptors in the skin
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2 Distinct Layers

A layer of stratified squamous

epithelium called the epidermis.
A deeper layer of dense irregular
connective tissue called the dermis.

deep to the dermis is a layer of areolar

and adipose connective tissue called
the subcutaneous layer, or hypodermis
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Thick Skin

Thick epidermis is found on the

palms of the hands, the soles of
the feet, and corresponding
surfaces of the fingers and toes.
All five epidermal strata occur in
thick skin.

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Thin Skin

Thin epidermis covers most of the

body.
Lacks the stratum lucidum

Has only four specific layers.

Contains the following accessories:
hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and
sweat glands.
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Functions of Skin

protection
prevention of water loss
temperature regulation
metabolic regulation
immune defense
sensory reception
excretion
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Skin Color

Hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein

present in red blood cells. Upon binding
with oxygen, hemoglobin exhibits a
bright red color.
Melanin is a pigment produced and
stored in cells called melanocytes.

the two types of melanin occur in various

yellow, reddish, tan, brown, and black shades

Carotene comes primarily from diet.

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Friction Ridges

Found on the fingers, palms, soles, and

toes.
Formed from large folds and valleys of
both dermal and epidermal tissue.
Help us grasp objects, and they
Increase friction so that items do not slip
easily from our hands.
Our feet do not slip on the floor when we
walk.
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Friction Ridges

Friction ridges can leave noticeable

prints on touched surfaces.
Each individual has a unique
pattern of friction ridges.
Fingerprints have become a
valuable tool for law enforcement
in identifying individuals.
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Skin Markings

Nevus (mole)
Freckles
Hemangioma

capillary hemangiomas (strawberrycolored birthmarks)

cavernous hemangiomas (port-wine
stains)
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Layers of the Dermis

Composed of cells of the connective

tissue proper and primarily of collagen
fibers, although both elastic and
reticular fibers are also present.
Other components of the dermis are
blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous
glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory
nerve endings, and muscular tissue.
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2 Major Regions of Dermis

Superficial papillary layer

Deeper reticular layer

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Lines of Cleavage

Tension lines in the skin identify the

predominant orientation of collagen
fiber bundles.
Clinically and surgically significant
because cuts can result in slow healing
and increased scarring.

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Innervation and Blood

Supply

The dermis has extensive innervation.

Monitor sensory receptors in the dermis and
epidermis, and control both blood flow and gland
secretion rates.
Tactile corpuscles and tactile (Merkel) cells
perceive touch sensations, and work with a
variety of other sensory nerve endings in the
skin.
This rich innervation allows us to be very aware
of our surroundings and to differentiate among
the different kinds of sensory signals from
receptors in the skin.
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Nails

Scalelike modifications of the epidermis

that form on the dorsal surfaces of the
tips of the fingers and toes.
Protect the exposed distal tips and
prevent damage or distortion during
jumping, kicking, catching, or grasping.
Hard derivatives formed from the
stratum corneum layer of the
epidermis.
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Hair

Found almost everywhere on the body

except the palms of the hands, the
sides and soles of the feet, the lips,
the sides of the fingers and toes, and
portions of the external genitalia.
Most of the hairs on the human body
are on the general body surface
rather than the head.
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3 Kinds of Hair

During our lives, we produce three

kinds of hair:

lanugo
vellus
terminal hair

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Functions of Hair

Protection
Heat retention
Prevents the loss of conducted heat
from the scalp to the surrounding air
Facial expression
Sensory reception
Visual identification
Chemical signal dispersal
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Hair Color

Result of the synthesis of melanin in the

matrix adjacent to the papillae.
Variations in hair color reflect
genetically determined differences in
the structure of the melanin.
Environmental and hormonal factors
Age

Gray hair
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Hair Growth and

Replacement

Sometimes hair loss may be

temporary as a result of one or
more of the following factors:
exposure to drugs, dietary factors,
radiation, high fever, or stress.
Thinning of the hair, called alopecia
can occur in both sexes, usually as
a result of aging.
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Exocrine Glands of the

Skin

Sweat (sudoriferous) glands produce

a watery solution that performs
several specific functions.

merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands

apocrine sweat glands

Sebaceous glands produce an oily

material that coats hair shafts and the
epidermal surface.
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Other Integumentary
Glands

Ceruminous glands
Mammary glands

modified apocrine sweat glands

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Burns

Major cause of accidental death, primarily

as a result of their effects on the skin.
Usually caused by heat, radiation, harmful
chemicals, sunlight, or electrical shock.
The immediate threat to life results
primarily from fluid loss, infection, and the
effects of burned, dead tissue.
Burns are classified according to the depth
of tissue involvement.
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Classification of Burns

First- and second-degree burns are

called partial-thickness burns.
Third-degree burns are called fullthickness burns.

first-degree burns involve only the

epidermis and are characterized by
redness, pain, and slight edema

an example is sunburn
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Classification of Burns

Second-degree burns involve the

epidermis and part of the dermis.
The skin appears red, tan, or white,
and is blistered and painful.

An example is a scald.

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Classification of Burns

Third-degree burns involve the epidermis, dermis,

and subcutaneous layer, which are often
destroyed.
Regeneration may occur from the edge only, due
to the absence of dermis.
Skin grafting is required to prevent abnormal
connective tissue fibrosis and disfigurement.
Dehydration is a major concern because the entire
portion of skin has been lost, and water cannot be
retained.
Must be aggressively treated for dehydration.
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Aging of the Integument

Skin repair processes take longer due to

reduced number and activity of stem cells.
Skin forms wrinkles and becomes less
resilient.
Skins immune responsiveness is
diminished.
Skin becomes drier due to decreased
sebaceous gland activity.
Altered skin and hair pigmentation.
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Aging of the Integument

Sweat production diminishes.

Blood supply to the dermis is reduced
leading to impaired
thermoregulation.
Hair thinning and loss.
Integumentary production of vitamin
D3 diminishes.
Development of skin cancers.
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Skin Cancer

The most common type of cancer.

The greatest risk factor is exposure
to UV rays of the sun.
The highest incidence is in people
who have had severe sunburns,
especially as children.

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