CS 161

Design and Architecture of Computer Systems

Lecture 1
Instructor: L.N. Bhuyan
(http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~bhuyan)
Adapted from notes by Dave Patterson
(http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~patterson)

Course Administration
Instructor: Laxmi N. Bhuyan
(bhuyan@cs.ucr.edu) (
http://www.ucr.edu/~bhuyan)
Tel: (951)827-2244 351 Engg. 2
Office Hours: W 3-4.30 or by appt
TA:
E-mail: rhalstea@cs.ucr.edu
Office Hrs: EBU 2 Room 110

Course Administration
Text: Computer Organization and Design: The
Hardware/Software Interface, Patterson and Hennessy, 4th Ed.

Prerequisite:
Assembly Language (CS061) and Digital system (CS120B)

Grade breakdown
Test 1 (Chapters 1 and 2)
Test 2 (Chapter 4)
Test 3 (Chapters 5-7)
Homework Assignments

Penalty for late homework

Grades based on curve

25%
30%
25%
20%

Historical Perspective
Decade of 70s (Microprocessors)
Programmable Controllers
Single Chip Microprocessors
Personal Computers

Decade of 80s (RISC Architecture)

Instruction Pipelining
Fast Cache Memories
Compiler Optimizations

Decade of 90s (Instruction Level Parallelism)

Superscalar Processors
Aggressive Code Scheduling
Low Cost Supercomputing
Out of Order Execution

KILLER MICROS

Performance Growth In
Perspective
Doubling every 18 months since 1982
Cars travel at 11,000 mph; get 4000 miles/gal
Air Travel LA-NY in 90 seconds (Mach 200)
Wheat yield 20,000 bushels per acre

Doubling every 24 months since 1970

Cars travel at 200,000 mph; get 50,000 miles/gal
Air Travel LA-NY in 6 seconds (Mach 3,000)
Wheat yield 300,000 bushels per acre

Technology => dramatic change

Processor
logic capacity: about 30% per year
clock rate:
about 20% per year

Memory
DRAM capacity: about 60% per year (4x every 3 years)
Memory speed: about 10% per year
Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year

Disk
capacity: about 60% per year

Technology => Dramatic Change

Processor
2X in performance every 1.5 years; 1000X performance in last
decade

Main Memory
DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years; 1000X size in last decade
Cost/bit: improves about 25% per year

Disk
capacity: > 2X in size every 1.5 years
Cost/bit: improves about 60% per year
120X size in last decade

Trends: Microprocessor Capacity

100,000,000

Alpha 21264: 15 million

Pentium Pro: 5.5 million
PowerPC 620: 6.9 million
Alpha 21164: 9.3 million
Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million

10,000,000

transistors

Moores Law

Pentium
i80486

1,000,000
i80386
i80286

100,000

2X transistors/Chip
Every 1.5 years

i8086
10,000
i8080

CalledMooresLaw:

i4004
1000
1970

1975

1980

1985

Year

1990

1995

2000

Trends: Memory Capacity (1 Chip DRAM)

DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory
where programs live while running; volatile (contrast with disk memory)

1,000,000,000

year

size(Megabit)
100,000,000

0.0625
0.25
1
4
16
64
256

Now 1.4X/yr,
or doubling every
2 years

10,000,000
Bits

1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1996
2000

1,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000
1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

Year

1995

2000

Trends: Processor Performance

1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

DEC Alpha 21264/600

Intel VC820
(Pentium III, 1.0 GHz)

1.54x/year

DEC Alpha 5/500

DEC
HP
IBM
AXP/
Sun MIPS MIPS
RS/ 9000/ 500
-4/
M
M/
6000 750
260 2000 120

DEC Alpha 5/300

DEC Alpha 4/266
IBM POWER 100

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97

Why Study Computer Architecture

Arent they fast enough already?
Are they?
Fast enough to do everything we will EVER want?
-

AI, protein sequencing, graphics

Is speed the only goal?

- Power: heat dissipation + battery life
-

Cost

Reliability

Etc.

Answer #1: requirements are always changing

Answer #2: technology playing field is always changing

Classes of Computers
High performance (supercomputers)
Supercomputers Cray T-90
Massively parallel computers Cray T3E

Balanced cost/performance
Workstations SPARCstations
Servers SGI Origin, UltraSPARC
High-end PCs Pentium quads

Low cost/power
Low-end PCs, laptops, PDAs mobile Pentiums

What is *Computer
Architecture*
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture +
Organization +
Hardware +

What is Computer Architecture?

Application (Netscape)

Software
Hardware

Operating System
Compiler
(Unix;
Assembler Windows 9x)
Processor Memory I/O system

Instruction Set
Architecture

Datapath & Control

Digital Design
Circuit Design

transistors, IC layout

CS 161

Key Idea: levels of abstraction

hide unnecessary implementation details
helps us cope with enormous complexity of real systems

What is Computer Architecture?

Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture
(ISA)
-

the one true language of a machine

boundary between hardware and software

the hardwares specification; defines what a machine

does;

+
Machine Organization
-

the guts of the machine; how the hardware works; the

implementation; must obey the ISA abstraction

We will explore both, and more!

Forces on Computer Architecture

Technology

Programming
Languages

Applications
Computer
Architecture

Operating
Systems

Compiler

Forces Acting on Computer Architecture

R-a-p-i-d Improvement in Implementation
Technology:
IC: integrated circuit; invented 1959
SSI MSI LSI VLSI: dramatic growth in number
transistors/chip ability to create more (and bigger) FUs per
processor; bigger memory
more sophisticated applications, larger databases

Tomorrows Science Fiction: ubiquitous

computing: computers embedded everywhere
New Languages: Java, C++ ...

Machine Organization:

5 classic components of any computer

Personal Computer

Processor
(CPU)
(active)
Control
(brain)
Datapath
(brawn)

Computer
Memory
(passive)
(where
programs,
& data
live when
running)

Devices
Input

Output

Keyboard,
Mouse
Disk

(where
programs,
& data
live when
not running)

The components of every computer, past and

present, belong to one of these five categories

Display,
Printer

Machine Organization Perspective

Capabilities & performance characteristics of principal
Functional Units (FUs) of the CPU
Ways in which these components are interconnected
to realize the ISA
Information flows between components
How such information flow is controlled
Levels of Machine Description
Register Transfer Level (RTL)
Gate Level (Digital Design)

CS161: Course Content

Computer Architecture and Engineering
Instruction Set Design

Computer Organization

Interfaces

Hardware Components

Compiler/System View

Logic Designers View

Building Architect

Construction Engineer

von Neumann
Computer
1944: The First Electronic Computer ENIAC at IAS,
Princeton Univ. (18,000 vacuum tubes)
Stored-Program Concept Storing programs as
numbers by John von Neumann Eckert and
Mauchly worked in engineering the concept.
Idea: A program is written as a sequence of
instructions, represented by binary numbers. The
instructions are stored in the memory just as data.
They are read one by one, decoded and then
executed by the CPU.

Execution Cycle
Instruction

Obtain instruction from program storage

Fetch
Instruction

Determine required actions and instruction size

Decode
Operand

Locate and obtain operand data

Fetch
Execute
Result

Compute result value or status

Deposit results in storage for later use

Store
Next
Instruction

Determine successor instruction

The Instruction Set: a Critical Interface

The actual programmer visible instruction set

software
instruction set

hardware

Instruction-Set Processor Design

Architecture

(ISA)

programmer/compiler view

functional appearance to its immediate user/system programmer

Opcodes, addressing modes, architected registers, IEEE floating point

Implementation (architecture) processor designer/view

logical structure or organization that performs the architecture
Pipelining, functional units, caches, physical registers

Realization

(chip)

chip/system designer view

physical structure that embodies the implementation

Gates, cells, transistors, wires

Relationship Between the Three

Aspects
Processors having identical ISA may be very
different in organization.
e.g. NEC VR 5432 and NEC VR 4122

Processors with identical ISA and nearly identical

organization are still not nearly identical.
e.g. Pentium II and Celeron are nearly identical but differ at clock rates
and memory systems

Architecture covers all three aspects.