EE 230: Optical Fiber Communication Lecture 10

Special Broadband to the User Presentation

Transmitters

From the movie

Warriors of the Net

First Mile: Bringing the Broadband Infrastructure

Home

Fred Cohn, City of Monterey

Dick DeWees, City of Lompoc
Susan Estrada, CENIC
Seth Fearey, Connected
Communities

Bryan
Alcatel
League of California
CitiesWassom,
Planners Institute

March 31, 2004 Monterey, CA

The One Gigabit or Bust Initiative

>

The Mission
Establish an action plan
that will bring one
gigabit to every home,
business, and school in
California by 2010.
Our job = catalyzing
innovation
California has the most to gain from
action and the most to lose by inaction.
The Gartner Report

Three Hottest Trends in Digital

Home Communications Terminals

1. DVR

2. HDTV

3. xOD

The Services of Tomorrow

Enable Advanced Services
Replacement Services

Visionary Services and Capabilities

Internet

Movies-on-Demand

Distance Learning

Broadcast TV

Time-Shifted TV

Telemedicine

Internet Telephony

Notification Services

Multiplayer Gaming

Videoconferencing

Community Intranet

Security Video

Power Metering

Home Automation

Voice Response

Next Generation Broadband

>

Its not about capacity. Its about the capabilities

made available by the capacity. Nitin Shaw,
Arraycom

>

Historical evolution of bandwidth requirements

support one gigabit per second by 2010

>

We need the big red circle.

Bandwidth Comparisons

Broadband and Economic Development

>

Broadband equals J-O-B-S

Gartner study said 2 million new jobs in California

>

No business will settle in a town that doesnt have

broadband access. NYT, 3/24/04

>

Question:
What had made your communities think about installing
next generation broadband? Are you losing jobs? Do
you think broadband helps with business development?

Laser Diode Transmitter Block Diagram

Source-Fiber Coupling Lambertian

Sources
Lambertian Source
radiance distribution

Generalized
Coupled Power

Step and Graded Index Fiber Coupling

Graded Index Fiber Coupling Continued

Source Fiber Coupling - II

Schematic of a typical assembly

of coupling optics

Transmitters employing a) butt-coupling and b)

lens-coupling designs

Turn-on delay

J Jb

t d N ln
J

J
th

Extinction Ratio Penalty

If the transmitter does not turn all the way off during the transmission of a zero then
the extinction ratio r ( the ratio to a power transmitted during a 0 to that during a 1)
will cause a bit error rate penalty and a reduction in sensitivity.
For a PIN receiver the peak power required for a given signal to noise ratio will become:

r=0 if the optical signal is

completely extinguished
during a logical 0
r=1 if the optical power
during a 0 equals that
during a 1
in this case the power
required approaches

1/ 2
1 r h
Q i2
1 r q
For APD detectors with gain
the effect of the multiplied
noise during the 0 is more
severe, this case is shown in
the graph to the left. k is the
ratio of the hole and electron
ionization coefficients and is a
property of the material in the
avalanche multiplication region

Traditional Laser Transmitter Approaches

Use a transmission line and impedance match

Bonding Inductance

Matching Resistor

Bonding Inductance
Transmission Line

Junction
Capacitance

Pad
Capacitance

Keep it close and dont worry about the match

Contact
Resistance
Laser
Junction

Bonding
Inductance

Drive
Transistor

Contact
Resistance
Laser
Junction

Pad
Capacitance
-Vee

-Vee

Junction
Capacitance

Packaged Laser Driver

Thin Film
Resistor

Laser Diode

Laser Driver
Transmission Line
Packaged Laser Driver

Packaged Laser

Laser Driver

Laser

Bondwire
Laser Diode

Laser Driver Stabilization

Moni t or Phot odi ode

Laser

Moni tor Photodi ode

Laser
-

Vr ef

Vr ef

Lav

+
+

Dat a

Vref 1

Vref 2

Vref 1

Dat a
Data

Data

Data

Vref 2

Data

-5V

+
-5V

Lpp

Dut y Cycl e
Measurement

Peak Detector

Average Power and Mark Density Compensation

Bi as Adj ust

Laser

Average Power, Mark Density and

Modulation
Monit or Phot odi ode

Bi as

-5V

Int egrat or
Dat a

Dat a

Modul at ed Power Adj ust

-5V

Modul ati on
-5V

Average
Power

Int egrat or

+
+

Peak Det ect or

Average and Peak Power Stabilization

Peak- pea
Power

A variety of feedback
approaches are available to
compensate for laser
imperfections and the
consequences of temperature
variation and aging

Packaging

Drawing of Packaging Approach

Optical Module (a), Electrical module (b)

10 Channels
12.5 Gb/s aggregate bandwidth
1300 nm commercial laser array
50/125 Multimode fiber ribbon
130 mW/channel
CMOS Driver Array
BER<10-14
1.2 km transmission with no
BER degradation
Close-up of assembled module
Completed module integrated on test board
Bostica et. al., IEEE Transactions on Advanced Packaging, Vol. 22, No 3, August 1999

Example Commercial Transmitter Module

Palomar Technologies

DFB-HEMT OEIC Laser Transmitter

Transistor Technology
InGaAs-InAlAs HEMT
1.5 m gate length
Laser
Distributed Feedback Laser
Self-Aligned Constricted Mesa (SACM)
7 MHz linewidth at 3 mW output power
19 GHz 3db frequency
8 mA average threshold
Fabrication
/4 shifted cavity fabricated by e-beam
2-step MOCVD
OEIC Performance:
Clean output eyes for all pattern lengths
up to 5 Gb/s
Operation at shorter patterns up to 10 Gb/s
Demonstrated link operation over 29 km
at 5 Gb/s

Lo et. al. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 2, No. 9, September 1990

Polarization
>

In molecules, P=+E+E2+E3+

>

In materials, P=X(o)+X(1)E+X(2)E2+X(3)E3+

If multiple electric fields are applied, every possible cross term is

generated.
At sufficiently high values of E, quadratic or higher terms become
important and nonlinear effects are induced in the fiber.

Electro-Optic Coefficient r

n4r

1
2 rE
n