Teleworker Connectivity

2.
2 Describing Cable Technology

2.2.1What is a Cable System?
The cable in cable system refers to the coaxial cable that carries radio
frequency (RF) signals across the network. Coaxial cable is the primary
medium used to build cable TV systems.
A typical cable operator now uses a satellite dish to gather TV signals.
Early systems were one-way with cascading amplifiers placed in series
along the network to compensate for signal loss.
Modern cable systems provide two-way communication between
subscribers and the cable operator. Cable operators now offer customers
advanced telecommunications services including high-speed Internet
access, digital cable television, and residential telephone service.
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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2.2.2 Cable Technology Terms

The following terms describe key cable technologies:
Broadband: In cable systems, broadband refers to the frequency-division multiplexing
(FDM) of many signals in a wide RF bandwidth.
Community antenna television (CATV): The original meaning of the term CATV
changed over the years. The term now widely refers to residential cable systems.
Coaxial cable: Coaxial cable transports RF signals and has certain physical
properties that define the attenuation of the signal.
Tap: A tap divides the input signal's RF power to support multiple outputs.
Amplifier: An amplifier magnifies an input signal and produces a significantly larger
output signal.
Hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC): HFC is a mixed optical-coaxial network in which optical
fiber replaces the lower bandwidth coaxial where useful in the traditional trunk portion
of the cable network.
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Downstream: This is the direction of an RF signal transmission (TV channels and

data) from the source (headend) to the destination (subscribers). Transmission
from source to destination is called the forward path.
Upstream: This is the direction of an RF signal transmission opposite to
downstream: from subscribers to the headend, or the return or reverse path.
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2.2.3 Cable System Components
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There are five major components of a modern cable system:

Antenna site: The main receiving antennas and satellite dishes are located at the
antenna site.
Headend: The headend is a master facility where signals are first received,
processed, formatted, and then distributed downstream to the cable network.
Transportation network: A transportation network links a remote antenna site to a
headend or a remote headend to the distribution network.
Distribution network: In a classic cable system called a tree-and-branch cable
system, the distribution network consists of trunk and feeder cables. The trunk is the
backbone that distributes signals throughout the community service area to the feeder
and typically uses 0.750-inch (19-mm) diameter coaxial cable. The feeder branches
flow from a trunk and reach all of the subscribers in the service area via coaxial
cables. The feeder cable is usually a 0.50-inch (13-mm) diameter coaxial cable.
Subscriber drop: A subscriber drop connects the subscriber to the cable services.
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The following frequency scope is used:

Downstream: Transmitting the signals from the cable operator to
the subscriber, the outgoing frequencies are in the range of 50 to
860 MHz.
Upstream: Transmitting the signals in the reverse path from the
subscriber to the cable operator, the incoming frequencies are in
the range of 5 to 42 MHz.
The downstream frequency range is divided into

channels (6 MHz channels in North America and 7 to
8 MHz for Europe).
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The cable industry defines the cable TV spectrum for the

downstream path as follows:
VHF low band (TV channels 2 to 6)

VHF midband (TV channels 98, 99, and 14 to 22)
VHF high band (TV channels 7 to 13)
VHF superband (TV channels 23 to 36)
VHF hyperband (TV channels 37 and higher)
There is no frequency plan for the upstream path. The cable

operator can monitor the frequency band of the upstream and
place the upstream data signals into clean areas where there is
no interference from noise and other signals.
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2.2.6 The Data-over-Cable Service Interface

Specification: DOCSIS
DOCSIS is an international standard developed by CableLabs, a nonprofit
research and development consortium for cable-related technologies.
CableLabs tests and certifies cable equipment vendor devices (cable
modem [CM] and cable modem termination systems [CMTS]) and grants
DOCSIS-certified or Qualified status.
DOCSIS specifies the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Layers 1 and 2
requirements:
Physical layer: For data signals that the cable operator can use, DOCSIS specifies
the channel widths (bandwidths of each channel) as 200 kHz, 400 kHz, 800 kHz, 1.6
MHz, 3.2 MHz, and 6.4 MHz. DOCSIS also specifies modulation techniques (the way
to use the RF signal to convey digital data).
MAC layer: Defines a deterministic access method (time-division multiple access
[TDMA] or synchronous code division multiple access [S-CDMA]).
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DOCSIS currently uses two standards, and a third standard is under

development:
DOCSIS 1.0
Revision 1.1
DOCSIS 2.0
DOCSIS 3.0 is under development.
More information about DOCSIS is available at

http://www.cablemodem.com/specifications
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Television technical standards vary across the world

and this affects the way DOCSIS variants develop.
International TV standards include the following:
National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) is a North
American TV technical standard for analog TV systems.
Phase Alternating Line (PAL) is a color encoding system used
in broadcast television systems in most of Europe, Asia,
Africa, Australia, Brazil, and Argentina.
Systme Electronic Couleur avec Mmoire (SECAM) is an
analog color TV system used in France and some Eastern
European countries.
.
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2.3.2 Sending Data over Cable

Delivering services over a cable network requires different RF frequencies:
the downstream frequencies are in the 50 to 860-MHz range
upstream frequencies are in the 5 to 42 MHz range.
Two types of equipment are required to send digital modem signals

upstream and downstream on a cable system:
A cable modem (CM) on the subscriber
A cable modem termination system (CMTS) at the headend of the cable operator
In a modern HFC network, 500 to 2000 active data subscribers are typically
connected to a cable network segment, all sharing the upstream and downstream
bandwidth. The actual bandwidth for Internet service over a CATV line can be up
to 27 Mbps on the download path to the subscriber and about 2.5 Mbps of
bandwidth on the upload path.
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2.3.3 Cable Technology: Putting It All Together

In the downstream path, the local headend (LHE) distributes TV signals to
subscribers via the distribution network. TV signals are received through
satellite dishes, antennas, analog and digital video servers, local
programming, and other headends.
The CMTS modulates digital data on an RF signal and combines that RF
signal with the TV signals.
The combined signal is input to a fiber transmitter that converts the signal
from RF to light (optical) and transmits to a fiber node further
downstream.
At the fiber node, the optical signal is converted back to an RF signal and
then transmitted over the coaxial network comprised of amplifiers, taps,
and drops.
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At the subscriber end, an RF splitter divides the combined RF signal

into video and data portions.
The CM receives the data portion of the RF signal. The CM, tuned to the
data RF signal channels, demodulates the data RF signal back into
digital data and finally passes the data to the computer over an
Ethernet connection.
In the upstream direction, the CM decodes the digital information from
the Ethernet connection, modulates a separate RF signal with this
digital information, and transmits this signal at a certain RF power
level.
At the headend, the CMTS, tuned to the data RF channels, demodulates
the data RF signal back to digital data and routes the digital data to the
Internet.
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CMs are designed and coded to follow specific steps :

Step 1
Downstream setup: The CM powers up and then scans and locks
the downstream path for the appropriate RF data channel
(frequency) that will be used for the physical and data link layers to
be established.
Step 2
Upstream setup: The CM listens to the management messages
received through the downstream path. The messages include
information on how, where, and when to communicate in the
upstream path and are used to establish the upstream physical and
data link layers.
.
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Step 3
Layers 1 and 2 establishment: The CM communicates with CMTS to establish
physical and data link layers.
Step 4
Obtaining an IP address: After establishing Layer 1 and Layer 2 connectivity with the
CMTS, the CM requests IP configuration parameter information (IP address, default
gateway, and TFTP server) from the DHCP server
Step 5
Getting the DOCSIS configuration: The CM requests a DOCSIS configuration file
from the TFTP server.
A DOCSIS configuration file is an ASCII file created by special DOCSIS editors and
includes settings, such as downstream channel identification, class of service (CoS)
settings.
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Step 6
Register QoS with CMTS: The CM registers, negotiates QoS settings with the CMTS.
Step 7
IP network initialization: When the CM initialization and registration is complete, the
PC-based network initialization takes place.
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2.4 Describing DSL Technology

2.4.1What is DSL
The connection is set up between a pair of modems on either end of a
copper wire that extends between the customer premises equipment
(CPE) and the DSL access multiplexer (DSLAM).
A DSLAM is the device located at the central office (CO) of the provider
and concentrates connections from multiple DSL subscribers.
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2.4.3 DSL Variants

The following properties differentiate DSL variants:
Nature: The nature of DSL is the relationship between downstream and upstream
speeds. Symmetrical DSL has the same speed in both directions, while
asymmetric DSL has different downstream and upstream speeds.
Maximum data rate: This defines the maximum speed that you can deploy with a
certain type of DSL.
Line coding technology: This describes the technique used to represent digital
signals transported over a copper twisted pair so that the receiver can interpret the
signals accurately.
Data and voice support: Depending on the usage of the available frequency
spectrum, certain DSL types support data and voice simultaneously while other
types do not.
Maximum distance: This describes the maximum distance that a certain type of
DSL connection can span.
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DSL types include:

ADSL is designed to deliver more bandwidth downstream than upstream
and supports data and voice simultaneously over existing copper lines.
RADSL is ADSL service with a data transmission rate that can be adapted to
the local loop line conditions.
VDSL can provide symmetrical or asymmetrical services. The downstream
bandwidth ranges from 13 Mbps to 52 Mbps. Like ADSL, VDSL also
supports data and voice over a single copper line. Cisco Long Reach
Ethernet (LRE) solution is based on Ethernet over VDSL.
IDSL transmits data digitally (rather than via analog) on a twisted-pair
copper telephone line across existing ISDN lines.
SDSL delivers 768 kbps both downstream and upstream over a single
copper twisted pair. SDSL technology is proprietary and non-standardized,
and can only carry data..
HDSL delivers 1.544 Mbps or 2.048 Mbps of symmetrical bandwidth over
two copper twisted pairs. Service providers have been using HDSL as a
substitute for T1 and E1. HDSL only carries data.
G.SHDSL offers symmetrical data rates from 192 kbps to 2.3 Mbps. The
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) developed and standardized
G.SHDSL to address the worldwide SDSL market.
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2.4.4 Factors Affecting DSL Performance

Signal attenuation: Attenuation means signal loss over distance and is determined
by the distance between a subscriber and the CO. The longer the distance between
the two, the more attenuation occurs and therefore the lower the speed.
Bridge tap: A bridge tap is an extra telephone wire with an un-terminated cable end
connected to the local loop. Such an un-terminated tap can cause noise and
reflections and can radiate power that reduces signal strength and, consequently
speed. DSL providers should remove bridge taps before installing a DSL connection.
Load coil: Provisioning of loading coils was a standard procedure used to improve
plain old telephone service (POTS) voice quality on longer local loops. This procedure
is called conditioning the loop. A loading coil is a wrap of wire placed at specific
intervals along the local loop that extends the local loop distance. This wire creates a
low-frequency band pass filter and cuts off, or blocks, the DSL frequencies. For the
DSL to operate, load coils must be removed from the loop.
Wire gauge: Wire gauge is the thickness of the wire that is used in the local loop. For
higher speeds, thicker wire is used.
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Impedance mismatch: Noise or an echo in the local loop that is caused by

changes in wire gauge, wire splices, or corrosion is called impedance mismatch.
Crosstalk: Crosstalk is the interference between two wires in a bundle. Electrical
energy causes crosstalk.
AM radio interference: AM radio frequencies can interfere with a DSL signal and
reduce speed. The interference is particularly a problem with in-house wiring when
untwisted or poorly twisted wiring exists.
Fiber-optic cable: ADSL signals cannot pass through the conversion from analog
to digital to analog that occurs if a portion of the telephone circuit traverses fiberoptic cable in transit.
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2.5 Deploying ADSL

2.5.1ADSL
Three information channels usually exist over the same wiring (depending on the
variety of ADSL):
a POTS channel for analog voice
a lower-speed ADSL upstream data channel
a high-speed ADSL downstream data channel.
ADSL has asymmetric data rates, with higher data rates toward the user
(downstream) and lower data rates toward the carrier (upstream).
Downstream, ADSL supports speeds up to slightly more than 8 Mbps. For
upstream, the rate is approximately 1 Mbps. The maximum distance for the
maximum upstream rate is 18,000 feet (5.5 km) over a one-wire pair without
repeaters on an optimized loop.
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There are three basic line-coding techniques associated with

ADSL:
Single-carrier: Carrierless Amplitude and Phase Modulation
(CAP)
Multicarrier with DMT: Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) modulation
Multicarrier with G.lite: G.lite, also known as splitterless ADSL,
offers slower speeds but does not require the signals to be split
at the subscriber end. This technique is the most popular
method for the mass market.
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2.5.3 ADSL Channel Separation

ADSL uses two types of modulation techniques:
single-carrier CAP, which is proprietary
multicarrier standardized DMT
CAP-based DSL makes use of three separate channels on the wire by

dividing the signals into three distinct bands:
Voice channel: Voice traffic occupies the 0- to 4-kHz band and is unchanged.
Upstream channel: CAP modulated upstream data traffic uses the 25- to 160-kHz
range.
Downstream channel: CAP modulated downstream data traffic uses the 240-kHz
to 1.5-MHz range. The actual width of the downstream channel (the upper
frequency) varies and depends on a number of conditions, such as line length or
line noise.
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.
DMT divides the frequency band into 256 separate 4 kHz-wide channels.
Channels 6 to 38 are duplex and used for both upstream and downstream data
traffic.
G.lite is a less complex version of the DMT standard. G.lite, sometimes called
half-rate DMT, uses only half the subchannels (128 channels).
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2.5.4 Data over ADSL
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There are three ways to encapsulate IP packets over an ATM and DSL
connection:
RFC 1483/2684 Bridged
PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)
PPP over ATM (PPPoA)
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In RFC 2684 Bridging, the ADSL CPE bridges the Ethernet frame from
the end users PC to the aggregation router.
RFC 2684 Bridging has security and scalability issues, making it
unpopular.
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2.5.5 PPPoE
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is a network protocol for
encapsulating PPP frames in Ethernet frames. It is used mainly with
ADSL services. It offers standard PPP features such as authentication,
encryption, and compression.
A PPP session is established between the subscriber device with PPPoE
client support (either an end user PC with PPPoE client software or the
CPE router configured as the PPPoE client) and the aggregation router.
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2.5.6 DSL and PPPoE Deployment Options

When deploying PPPoE and DSL, three options are available based on
the equipment used, DSL termination, and PPPoE client functionality:
A router with an internal modem and PPPoE client functionality can
terminate a DSL line and establish a PPPoE session. The router can also act
as a DHCP server and provide NAT and PAT functionality to connect multiple
users behind a single ADSL connection with a single PPP username and
password.
An external modem can terminate a DSL line, and a router with PPPoE client
functionality can establish a PPPoE session. A router can also act as a DHCP
server and provide NAT and PAT functionality.
An external modem can terminate a DSL line. An end-user PC encompasses
the PPPoE client for establishing a PPPoE session.
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2.5.7 PPPoE Session Establishment

PPPoE has two distinct stages as defined in RFC 2516:
Discovery stage
PPP session stage
When a PPPoE client (end-user PC or router) initiates a PPPoE

session, the client must first complete a discovery process to identify
which PPPoE server can meet the client request. Then, the host must
identify the Ethernet MAC address of the peer and establish a PPPoE
session ID.
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There are four steps to the discovery stage :

Step 1
The PPPoE client (end-user PC or router) broadcasts a PPPoE Active Discovery Initiation
(PADI) packet.
Step 2
The PPPoE server (aggregation router) sends a PPPoE Active Discovery Offer (PADO)
packet that describes which service the server can offer. The destination MAC address is
the unicast address of the client (end-user PC or router). The source MAC is the unicast
address of the PPPoE server.
Step 3
The PPPoE client sends a unicast PPPoE Active Discovery Request (PADR) packet to
the PPPoE server.
Step 4
The PPPoE server sends a unicast PPPoE Active Discovery Session-confirmation
(PADS) packet to the
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A PPPoE Active Discovery Terminate (PADT) packet can be sent anytime after a
session has been established to indicate that a PPPoE session has been
terminated.
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2.5.8 Data over ADSL: PPPoA
PPPoA avoids issues related to a MTU.

With PPPoA, the CPE routes the packets from the end-user PC over
ATM to an aggregation router. The PPP session is established between
the CPE and the aggregation router.
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2.6 Configuring the CPE as the PPPoE or PPPoA

Client
2.6.1Configuring the CPE as the PPPoE Client
There are two interfaces to configure, depending on the deployment
requirements:
the Ethernet interface
the ATM interface.
Use the following PPPoE DSL configuration steps in addition to dial-ondemand routing (DDR)-derived commands:
Step 1
Configure Ethernet 0/1 interface of the Cisco router with a PPPoE client
configuration.
Step 2
Create and configure the dialer interface of the Cisco router for PPPoE with a
negotiated IP address and an MTU size of 1492.
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Step 3
Configure Ethernet 0/0 interface of the Cisco router with PAT to allow the sharing
of the dynamic public IP address of the dialer interface. Use the ip tcp mss-adjust
command on this interface to limit TCP maximum segment size because of
PPPoE overhead.
Step 4
Configure the Cisco router to be the DHCP server for the end-user PCs that are
behind the router.
Step 5
Configure a static default route on the Cisco router.
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2.6.2 Configuring the CPE as the PPPoE Client

over the ATM Interface
Use the PPPoE DSL configuration steps listed here in addition to DDR-derived
commands:
Step 1
Configure the ATM interface (ADSL interface) of the Cisco router with virtual path
identifier/virtual channel identifier (VPI/VCI) on the Cisco router and must match the
configuration by the service provider.
Step 2
Create and configure the dialer interface of the Cisco router for PPPoE with a negotiated IP
address and an MTU size of 1492.
Step 3
Configure Ethernet 0/0 interface of the Cisco router with PAT to allow the sharing of the
dynamic public IP address of the dialer interface. Also configure the TCP maximum segment
size.
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Step 4
Configure the Cisco router to allow it to be the DHCP server for the enduser PCs behind it.
Step 5
Configure a static default route on the Cisco router.
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2.6.5 Adjusting MSS and MTU Size

The PPPoE standard only supports an MTU of 1492 bytes
In most cases, the optimum value for the max-segment-size argument

is 1452 bytes. This value plus the 20-byte IP header, the 20-byte TCP
header, and the 8-byte PPPoE header fill the 1500-byte packet that
matches the MTU size for the Ethernet link.
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2.6.6 Configuring PAT
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2.6.9 Verifying a PPPoE Configuration
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2.6.10 Configuring a PPPoA DSL Connection
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2.6.11 Configuring a DSL ATM Interface
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2.7.2 Determine Whether the Router Is Properly

Trained to the DSLAM
Start troubleshooting Layer 1 by verifying whether a Cisco
Systems CPE router is trained to the DSLAM in the CO by using
the
Router#show dsl interface atm
command.
When the router is not properly trained, as shown in the following

output, the problem is at Layer 1, and a solution needs to be found
at this layer.
Router#show dsl interface atm 0
Line not activated: displaying cached data from last activation
Log file of training sequence:
<...rest of the output omitted...>
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2.7.4 Determining the Correct DSL Operating Mode
If the DSL modulation being used by the service provider is unknown,

Cisco recommends using the command:
Router(config-if)#dsl operating-mode {auto | ansi-dmt | itu-dmt |

splitterless}
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2.7.6 Layer 2: Is Data Being Received from the

ISP?
If the VPI/VCI values are correct and the PVC is active, then the next
step is to verify that data is being sent and received on the ATM
interface.
The
Router#show interfaces atm
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2.7.7 Proper PPP Negotiation
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2.

2 Describing Cable Technology

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.2.2 Cable Technology Terms

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Downstream: This is the direction of an RF signal transmission (TV channels and

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.2.3 Cable System Components

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

There are five major components of a modern cable system:

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

The following frequency scope is used:

The downstream frequency range is divided into

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

The cable industry defines the cable TV spectrum for the

VHF low band (TV channels 2 to 6)

There is no frequency plan for the upstream path. The cable

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.2.6 The Data-over-Cable Service Interface

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

DOCSIS currently uses two standards, and a third standard is under

More information about DOCSIS is available at

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Television technical standards vary across the world

2.3.2 Sending Data over Cable

Two types of equipment are required to send digital modem signals

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.3.3 Cable Technology: Putting It All Together

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

At the subscriber end, an RF splitter divides the combined RF signal

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

CMs are designed and coded to follow specific steps :

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.4 Describing DSL Technology

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.4.3 DSL Variants

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

DSL types include:

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.4.4 Factors Affecting DSL Performance

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Impedance mismatch: Noise or an echo in the local loop that is caused by

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.5 Deploying ADSL

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

There are three basic line-coding techniques associated with

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.5.3 ADSL Channel Separation

CAP-based DSL makes use of three separate channels on the wire by

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2.5.4 Data over ADSL

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.