Best Management Practice

(BMP) in Brackishwater
Aquaculture on
Environmental Problems:
A Case Study in Indonesia
Environmental Characteristics of Aquaculture Farms:
Chemical, Biological and Physical Conditions

Lilik Teguh Pambudi

201056912
Department of Fisheries Biology
 Global Fisheries Production
160
Millions of tonnes
Aquaculture
140
Catch
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007

FAO, 2005
 Indonesian Fisheries Policy

GENERAL POLICY:
 Controlling production from
capture
 Increase prod. from
aquaculture
 Develop product processing
 Expand world market &
Improve marketing
intelligent
MOMAF, 2007
 Aquaculture Programs

1. Increase in aquaculture
production for export
2. Increase in aquaculture
production for domestic
consumption
3. Protection and
rehabilitation of
aquaculture resources

MOMAF, 2008
 Program

Program on increment of
aquaculture production
 Projected Production
2010-2014
MOMAF, 2008
Metric Ton
Increment
No. Items 2009* 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (%)
2009-2014
Total 4.780.100 5.376.200 6.847.500 9.415.700 13.020.800 16.891.000 353
12 27 38 38 30
1 Seaweeds 2.574.000 2.672.800 3.504.200 5.100.000 7.500.000 10.000.000 392
2 Catfish 332.600 495.600 749.000 1.146.000 1.777.000 2.783.000 836
- Hypopthalmus 132.600 225.000 383.000 651.000 1.107.000 1.883.000 1420
- Walking catfish 200.000 270.600 366.000 495.000 670.000 900.000 450
3 Tilapia 378.300 491.800 639.300 850.000 1.105.000 1.242.900 329
4 Milkfish 291.300 349.600 419.000 503.400 604.000 700.000 240
5 Shrimps 348.100 400.300 460.000 529.000 608.000 699.000 200
- Monodon 123.100 125.300 130.000 139.000 158.000 199.000 161
- Vanamei 225.000 275.000 330.000 390.000 450.000 500.000 222
6 Carp 254.400 267.100 280.400 300.000 325.000 350.000 138
7 Gourame 38.500 40.300 42.300 44.400 46.600 48.900 127
8 Barramundi 4.600 5.000 5.500 6.500 7.500 8.500 185
9 Grouper 5.300 7.000 9.000 11.000 15.000 20.000 377
10 Others 553.000 646.700 738.800 925.400 1.032.700 1.038.700 287
4.780.100 5.376.200 6.847.500 9.415.700 13.020.800 16.891.000
 Trend of Milkfish Production, 1998 – 2014 (MT)
Sri
La
nk Kiribat
Countries Philippines Indonesia Taiwan Singapore Guam a i Palau Tuvalu

1998 162.458 158.666 58.349 148 25   4    

1999 180.771 209.758 50.824 378 28   13    
2000 209.994 217.208 39.730 676 30   14    
2001 225.337 209.525 59.355 656 30   18    
2002 232.162 222.317 72.434 956 80   14    
2003 246.504 226.114 77.899 1.492     9   5
2004 273.592 241.438 56.853 1.839     9   1
2005 289.153 254.067 50.050 1.500     12   1
2006 315.074 212.932 56.135 1.183 40   12   1
2007 349.741 263.139 53.245 1.303 40 30 5 4 1
2008* 381.000 277.471 54.000 1.800 43 32 6 4 1
2009* 415.000 291.300 55.000 2.400 45 33 7 4 1
2010* 452.000 349.600 55.000 3.300 48 35 9 5 1
2011* 493.000 419.000 56.000 4.500 51 36 10 5 1
2012* 537.000 503.000 57.000 6.000 54 38 12 5 1
2013* 585.000 604.000 58.000 8.000 58 40 15 5 1
2014* 637.000 700.000 59.000 11.000 62 42 18 6 1
Increment (%) 8,94 15,19 1,48 35,64 6,38 5,00 19,81 5,00 2,00

Source : FAO Fishstat 2007

 Trend of Tilapia Production, 1998 – 2014 (MT)
Laos
People's
Negara China Egypt Indonesia Thailand Philippines Honduras Ecuador Dem. Rep. Costa Rica Uganda

1998 471.813 52.755 26.807 73.427 60.655 1.020 1.730 9.549 5.252 100
1999 494.357 103.988 31.217 76.460 69.788 1.600 4.400 13.662 6.338 200
2000 548.261 157.425 40.836 82.363 77.642 1.900 9.201 18.928 7.700 400
2001 582.402 152.515 50.876 84.480 89.507 2.500 10.318 22.499 8.000 1.350
2002 611.165 167.735 60.437 83.780 104.361 4.400 12.036 26.872 12.490 1.797
2003 696.169 199.557 71.790 98.336 111.328 7.020 16.958 29.205 14.090 2.000
2004 774.662 199.038 98.102 160.241 118.095 9.000 18.153 29.205 17.989 1.660
2005 844.210 217.019 151.363 203.737 126.563 28.376 19.142 19.590 16.493 4.221
2006 958.983 258.925 179.934 205.326 160.482 28.400 19.368 19.590 11.677 11.365
2007 1.133.611 265.862 206.904 190.075 180.064 28.356 20.000 19.590 17.687 16.763
2008* 1.250.517 326.448 291.307 214.239 203.495 38.040 27.779 21.673 20.765 20.476
2009* 1.379.479 400.841 378.300 241.475 229.976 51.030 38.585 23.977 24.379 25.011
2010* 1.521.740 492.187 491.800 272.173 259.902 68.457 53.593 26.526 28.621 30.551
2011* 1.678.673 604.350 638.300 306.774 293.723 91.835 74.439 29.346 33.602 37.319
2012* 1.851.789 742.073 850.000 345.774 331.944 123.196 103.393 32.465 39.450 45.585
2013* 2.042.758 911.181 1.105.000 389.732 375.140 165.268 143.610 35.917 46.315 55.682
2014* 2.253.422 1.118.827 1.242.900 439.278 423.956 221.707 199.470 39.735 54.375 68.015
Increment
(%) 10,31 22,79 26,03 12,71 13,01 34,15 38,90 10,63 17,40 22,15

Source : FAO Fishstat 2007

Trend of Tiger Shrimp Production, 1998 – 2014 (MT)
Malaysi
Negara Viet Nam Indonesia India China Myanmar Philippines a Thailand Madagascar Sri Lanka

1998 38.977 74.824 76.900   2.392 36.859 9.685 247.458 2.492 6.520
1999 41.176 92.726 73.700   4.936 37.913 11.733 271.019 3.486 3.820
15.54
2000 67.486 90.483 90.975   4.964 40.467 0 304.988 4.800 4.360
111.09 26.35
2001 5 103.603 97.100   5.473 40.698 2 274.330 5.399 3.540
126.41 24.73
2002 6 112.840 108.990   6.550 35.493 9 200.574 7.313 2.560
150.00 25.37
2003 0 132.761 108.680 44.723 19.181 34.998 6 194.909 7.007 3.360
185.56 25.72
2004 9 131.399 127.802 53.004 30.000 35.917 1 106.884 6.243 2.380
177.20 21.86
2005 0 134.682 142.070 66.243 48.640 37.721 6 26.056 6.726 1.570
150.00 16.37
2006 0 147.867 142.967 69.296 49.126 38.209 4 10.200 8.463 2.480
170.00
2007 0 134.930 101.165 61.617 48.303 39.825 11.435 10.600 8.457 3.580
205.00 12.00
2008* 0 134.930 105.000 90.000 72.000 40.000 0 9.500 9.800 3.600
247.00 12.80
2009* 0 123.100 110.000 131.000 108.000 40.600 0 8.600 11.400 3.500
297.00 13.50
2010* 0 125.300 115.000 190.000 162.000 41.000 0 7.700 13.200 3.400
357.00 14.20
 Shrimp Culture Guidance
1. Aquaculture zoning
 Farms should be sited
according to national &
Provincial planning and legal
frame works in
environmentally suitable
locations, making efficient
use of land and water
resources and in ways that
conserve biodiversity,
ecologically sensitive habitats
& ecosystem functions, &
recognize other resources
(land & water) use
2. Farm design
 Farm should be designed
and constructed in ways
that minimize
environmental damage,
promote biodiversity, &
facilitate worker health
and safety
3. Water use and management
 The impact of water use
on water resources
should be minimized

4. Broodstock & Seeds

 The use of high health
hatchery reared seeds
should be encourages to
reduce diseases outbreak &
increase production.
 5. Feed management
 Feeds and feed
management practices
should be use that make
efficient use of available
feed resources, optimize
fish health and growth,
minimize discharge
waste.

6. Health management
 Minimize the risks of
diseases affecting both
the cultured & wild
stocks & increase food
safety
 7. Food Safety MOMAF, 2008

 Food safety and the quality of No antibiotics used

fish/ Shrimp products should be
ensured, whilst reducing the
risks to ecosystems & human
health. No chemicals &
antibiotic use

8.Social responsibility
 Farms should be developed and
operated in social manner that
benefits the farm, the local
communities and the country &
that contributes effectively to
rural development & particularly
poverty alleviation in coastal
areas
 Policies Needed

 Zoning of coastal areas for different activities based on

the potential benefits and possible impacts
 Adjustment of expansion of brackish water pond areas
to meet the carrying capacity of the environment
 Conservation of mangrove areas as green-belts of
shrimp pond culture areas & as component of coastal
ecosystem
 Adoption of BMP, assessment of the impact of the
shrimp and fish culture to the environment
 Innovation of the appropriate technology to utilize
water resources efficiently
 Sustainable Aquaculture
Best Management Practices
 Sustainable Technology
 Low water exchange system
 Closed pond system
 Zero water exchange
(Heterotrophic -bacteria floc)
system
 Environmental Friendly
 Reservoirs
 Sedimentations
 No chemicals or anti-biotics
 Mangrove conservation
 Strict Bio-security
 Traceability
 Integrated system (Social &
Technical)
 Shrimp Pond Culture
Farming Technology:
1.Traditional/Extensive
2.Semi Intensive/Traditional plus
3.Intensive
4.Polyculture (shrimp, milkfish, seaweeds)
Shrimp Pond Culture
in Estuarine Area
Bottom Soil Characteristics
in Shrimp Pond
 Eutrophic
pond need to
be managed
for
 Examine the potential for growth
in aquaculture and ornamental
sectors through the use of faster
polyculture
growing alien species
Zoning Problem
Industrial
complex versus
Aquaculture
ponds

Pollution

Low
environmental
quality

Many idle
ponds
(Pambudi, 2009)
 Acid Sulfate Soil (Sammut, 2009)

pH <4 to 5.5

Avoid using Quick

Limes or Slake Limes
 Problems in Acid Sulfate Soil

 High acidity(Low pH)

 P, Ca, Mg and Mo are not many available
 Highly Fe and Mn concentration, toxic into
the shrimp/fish
 Highly Al solubility, blocking phosphorous
amount
(Sammut, 2009)
 South Sulawesi

(Callinan, 2009)
 4 ° 4 6 '1 5 " S

4 ° 4 6 '1 5 " S
119°30'5"E 119°30'10"E 119°30'15"E 119°30'20"E

Legend
1 Pond
Canal

3 Road
Dyke

4 ° 4 6 '2 0 " S

4 ° 4 6 '2 0 " S
2 Barrent land/ backyard etc.
Farmer's house
5
4
Soil Characteristics
7
6
8
10
9

12
23 14
13
11
4 ° 4 6 '2 5 " S

4 ° 4 6 '2 5 " S
24 22

21 15
19 16
17

18

35 20

25
4 ° 4 6 '3 0 " S

4 ° 4 6 '3 0 " S
26
36
34
31
27
37 28

33
32
38
30

39 29
4 ° 4 6 '3 5 " S

4 ° 4 6 '3 5 " S
40
41 42
47

46
45
0 15 30 60 90 120 44 43
Meters

119°30'5"E 119°30'10"E 119°30'15"E 119°30'20"E

 4 ° 4 6 '1 5 " S

4 ° 4 6 '1 5 " S
119°30'5"E 119°30'10"E 119°30'15"E 119°30'20"E

Legend
Land use/cover
Canal
Road
Sand Content (%)
Barren land
Dyke

4 ° 4 6 '2 0 " S Farmer's House

4 ° 4 6 '2 0 " S
Sand
Value
High : 83.8

Low : 65.9
4 ° 4 6 '2 5 " S

4 ° 4 6 '2 5 " S
4 ° 4 6 '3 0 " S

4 ° 4 6 '3 0 " S
4 ° 4 6 '3 5 " S

4 ° 4 6 '3 5 " S
0 15 30 60 90 120
Meters

119°30'5"E 119°30'10"E 119°30'15"E 119°30'20"E

 4 ° 4 6 '1 5 " S

4 ° 4 6 '1 5 " S
119°30'5"E 119°30'10"E 119°30'15"E 119°30'20"E

Legend
Land use/cover
Canal
Road

Barren land
Dyke
Clay Content (%)
4 ° 4 6 '2 0 " S Farmer's House

4 ° 4 6 '2 0 " S
Clay
Value
High : 24.9

Low : 6.2
4 ° 4 6 '2 5 " S

4 ° 4 6 '2 5 " S
4 ° 4 6 '3 0 " S

4 ° 4 6 '3 0 " S
4 ° 4 6 '3 5 " S

4 ° 4 6 '3 5 " S
0 15 30 60 90 120
Meters

119°30'5"E 119°30'10"E 119°30'15"E 119°30'20"E

 4 ° 4 6 '1 5 " S

4 ° 4 6 '1 5 " S
119°30'5"E 119°30'10"E 119°30'15"E 119°30'20"E

Legend
Land use/cover
Canal
Road

Barren land
Dyke
Farmer's House
4 ° 4 6 '2 0 " S

4 ° 4 6 '2 0 " S
Silt Content (%)
Silt
Value
High : 17.7

Low : 6.1
4 ° 4 6 '2 5 " S

4 ° 4 6 '2 5 " S
4 ° 4 6 '3 0 " S

4 ° 4 6 '3 0 " S
4 ° 4 6 '3 5 " S

4 ° 4 6 '3 5 " S
0 15 30 60 90 120
Meters

119°30'5"E 119°30'10"E 119°30'15"E 119°30'20"E

 Water Velocity (m/s)
Pond dyke
Mangrove

119°37'45"E 119°38'0"E 119°38'15"E 119°38'30"E

0.00000 - 0.00116
0.00116 - 0.01211
0.01211 - 0.02305
4 ° 2 0 '4 5 " S

4 ° 2 0 '4 5 " S
0.02305 - 0.03400
0.03400 - 0.04494
0.04494 - 0.05863
0.05863 - 0.07231
0.07231 - 0.08325
0.08325 - 0.09420
4 ° 2 1 '0 " S

4 ° 2 1 '0 " S
0.09420 - 0.10515
0.10515 - 0.11609
Kilometers 0.11609 - 0.12704
0 0.1 0.2 0.4
0.127042 - 0.13798
119°37'45"E 119°38'0"E 119°38'15"E 119°38'30"E

0.13798 - 0.14893
0.14893 - 0.16261
0.16261 - 0.17629
0.17629 - 0.18998
0.18998 - 0.20366
0.20366 - 0.21460
0.21460 - 0.22555
0.22555 - 0.23376
0.23376 - 0.24197
0.24197 - 0.25291
0.25291 - 0.27207
0.27207 - 0.29396
0.29396 - 0.31312
0.31312 - 0.37058
0.37058 - 0.67159
High
Mortality

IMNV
WSSV
TSV
 BMP Model Application
Sedimentation pond

Biofilter Culturing pond Culturing pond

Constructed
pond wetland

Treatment reservoir

Green Belt

Water sources
Drying and up-down
dredging soil to
oxidized the bottom
soil
Dredging Organic Soil
 Organic
bottom soil
moved into
dike
 Calcification (Liming)
pH of bottom soil Needed Lime (kg/ha CaCO3)
Clay Clay Sandy Sandy

(Sammut, 2009)
 Inlet Water Management

Water is not going

to shrimp pond
directly, but first on
treatment reservoir
Biofilter pond:
a. Small fish predator
b. Herbivorous filter feeder (milkfish)
c. Water plant (sea grass, sea weed)
Biofilters
Milkfish Tilapia

Macroalgae

Seaweed
Scallop

Grouper
Biofilter pond with seaweed (Gracilaria sp)

 Total Organic Matter decrease from 129 ppm

into 85 ppm within 3 days

BBPAP, 2009
 Treatment pond with macroalgae

 Total Organic Matter decrease from 157 ppm

into 67 ppm within 8 days

BBPAP, 2009
Inlet Filtration System
 Post Larvae
Transportation
Acclimation of Post Larvae
Maintaining Dissolved Oxygen
Fish
Shrim
pond
p pond

Fish
pond

Application pond
in Bireun Aceh
Application pond in North Aceh

Shrimp
pond

Biofilter
pond

Shrimp
pond
Jeumpa Cluster-1 (Aceh)
Jeumpa Cluster-2 (Aceh)
Simpang Mamplam Cluster
(Aceh)
Samalanga Cluster
(Aceh)
Plimbang Cluster (Aceh)
 Another Case Study of BMP Model
in Serangan, Central Java

First Study Failed; 1 week Second Study Succeed;

after disease outbreak on harvesting on 105th day
surrounding pond whereas surrounding ponds
(Supito and Taslihan, 2009) failed
 Another Case Study of BMP Model in
Sidorejo, Central Java

Location Spot Model

(Supito and Taslihan, 2009)

Cluster Model
 Disease Outbreak

(Supito and Taslihan, 2009)

 Conclusion

 Best Management Practice (BMP) face the

problems, especially related to zoning and
environmental cases
 BMP has been evaluated depends on the
particular areas and problems
 BMP increase the shrimp production in some
certain areas and must be plotted as highly
recommended area for shrimp culture
 Properly supporting programs are needed
 Revitalization &
rehabilitation of
infrastructure for the existing
traditional shrimp ponds
(aces road, irrigations,
electric power supply)
 Subsidy/price lower for seeds
(SPF)
 Make this business bankable

(Land/pond certification etc)

MOMAF, 2009
Thank You
 References
 BBPBAP, 2009. Guidance of Best Management Practice in Shrimp
Culture. Brackishwater Aquaculture Research Center. Jepara. Indonesia
 Callinan, R. 2009. Determinants for WSD outbreaks in Indonesian
smallholder shrimp ponds. ACIAR. Sydney. Australia.
 FAO, 2005. World Fisheries Statistic. Rome. Italy.
 FAO, 2007. World Fisheries Statistic. Fishstat. Rome. Italy
 MOMAF, 2007. Indonesian Fisheries Policy. Ministry of Marine and
Fisheries of Indonesia. Jakarta.
 MOMAF, 2008. Indonesian Aquaculture Program. General Directorate of
Aquaculture. MOMAF. Jakarta.
 MOMAF, 2008. Indonesian Fisheries Statistic. Jakarta. Indonesia.
 Pambudi, L.T. 2009. Analysis of Fisheries and Aquaculture Status in
Semarang Area. Institute of Regional Development. Indonesia
 Sammut, J. 2009. Guidance of Acid Sulfate Soil Problem Solving in
Brackishwater Aquaculture. ACIAR. Sydney. Australia.