BASIC ENGINEERING

DRAWING

Prepared By: Syed Basharat Ali

Basic Engineering Drawing Contents

Ortho Graphic Projection

Lines
Sectioning
Terminology
Abbreviations
Conventional Representation Of Common Features
Pictorial Drawing
Dimensioning
Limits And Fits
Threads
Assembly Drawing

Ortho Graphic Projection

In the engineering industry communication between the drawing office and

the work shop is achieved mainly by means of engineering drawings. The
principal method used to prepare these drawings is known as Ortho Graphic
Projection.

Basically, Orthographic Projection is the representation of a three dimensional

component on a flat surface (the drawing sheet) in two dimensional form. At
least two orthographic views, therefore, are required to indicate fully the shape
and size of a component. If the component is a complicated one then usually
more then two views are shown to aid understanding.

In this country two methods of a Orthographic Projection are used. One is

known as First Angle Orthographic Projection (often referred to as English
Projection), the other as Third Angle Orthographic Projection (American
Projection). Both methods of representation are illustrated and explained in this
section

First Angle Orthographic Projection

The pictorial drawing opposite indicates the shape of the component with a
single view.
An orthographic drawing indicates the
Shape of a component by using a number of
views each looking at a different face of the
Component.
At least two views are necessary to fully
represent the component. Usually , however,
three views are shown in order to clarify internal
And external detail.
A Front View (F)
A Plan View (P)
A side View (L&R)

Front View
The front view or front elevation represents what is seen when
looking at the front of the component in the direction of arrow F.

Plan View
A plan view represent what is seen when looking at the top of the
component in the direction of arrow P.

Side View
The side view or side elevation represents what is seen when
looking at the side of the component in the direction of either arrow
R or arrow L. These arrows are at 90 to both arrow F and arrow P.

View looking in
direction of arrow R.

Right- Hand
Side View (R)

View looking in
direction of arrow L.

Left- Hand
Side View (L)

In First Angle Ortho Graphic Projection The Front View is Above the Top view.
The Right-hand side view is on the Left-hand side of the front view.
The left hand side view is on the Right-hand side of the front view.

Third Angle Orthographic Projection

When representing a three dimensional component in Third Angle
Orthographic Projection, the basic views are exactly the same as those
shown when using First Angle Orthographic Projection . The
difference between First Angle and Third Angle
is in the positioning of the views relative to
each other. In Third Angle Orthographic
Projection the individual views are placed on
the drawing sheet in projection with each other
as shown:

Point For Third Angle

Orthographic Projection
The plan is always projected ABOVE the front view.
The right-hand side view is shown on the RIGHT-Hand side of the
front view.
The left-hand side view is shown on the LEFT-Hand side of the
front view.

A Comparison Of First And Third Angle

Ortho Graphic Projection

The plan is BLOW the front view.

The Right-hand side view is on the Lefthand side of the front view.
The left hand side view is on the
Right-hand side of the front view.

The plan is ABOVE the front view.

The right-hand side view is on the Righthand side of the front view.
The left-hand side view is on the Left-hand
side of the front view.

Kind Of Lines
Line Group
Kinds Of Lines

Solid

(Intensity measured in mm)

1,2

Typical application

0,8

0,5

0,3

1,2

0,8

0,5

0,3

Visible edge of parts; contours

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

Dimension lines, extension lines, hatching lines, cross section

lines, reference line, surface line, contour lines of adjacent
parts.

0,6

0,4

0,3

0,2

Broken (dashed)

Alternate long
dashes with dots

1,2

0,8

0,5

0,3

Invisible edges

Lines indicating section planes.

Center lines, Circular pitches, index circle, finished parts
down machine allowance, ultimate lever position.

Common Lines Used In Engineering

Drawings

Sample Drawing

Sectioning
Drawings of the outside of sample components are often
sufficient to convey all the information necessary to make the
component. More complicated components, however may
require sectional views to clarify internals details.
A sectional view is obtained when one imagines the
component to be cut through a chosen section plane often on
a center line.
If the vee-block is cut on section plane C-C as shown
the resulting sectional view projected from the plan Sectional Front View
replaces the usual front view of the block.
looking on cutting
plane C-C

End View

Sectional views are drawn only when it is necessary to explain the construction of a
complex object or assembly. Some of the examples used in the next few slides have been
chosen to illustrate the rules of sectioning although in practice, as in the case of the veeblock drawn above a sectional view may not have been necessary.
The draftsman has to decide how a component or assembly should be sectioned in order
to provide the fullest possible information. The recommendations of BS 308 enable him to do
this in a way that is understood by all engineers.

Rules Of Sectioning
A sectioned object is shown by lines drawn preferably at 45.
Thin lines touch the outline. Size of sectioned part determines line
spacing preferably not less than 4 mm.
If two adjacent parts are sectioned , the section lines are drawn
in opposite directions. Lines are staggered where the parts are in
contact.
Where more then two parts of an assembly are to be sectioned,
the lines cannot all be opposite. Sectional lines are closer together
on the third area usually the smallest

 The sectional view of a symmetrical object is obtained when the section plane
cuts through the obvious centre line. Hatching may be omitted if the meaning is
clear without it.

If an object is NOT symmetrical the section plane chosen should be clearly

stated.

Sectioning Exceptions
There are a number of a features and parts which are not normally sectioned even though
they may lie in the section plane. A good way to accept these exceptions to be general rule is
to imagine how complicated the drawing would look if they were sectioned. They are
sectioned, however, when they lie across the section plane.

Staggered Section Planes

Each Part of the section plane is swung to the vertical
before projecting to the sectional End view. By using the
convention the draftsman avoids using too many auxiliary
views. A staggered section plane should only be used when
there is a resulting gain in clarity.
Section C-C
Revolved
Section A-A
Realigned

Section D-D
Revolved

TERMINOLOGY
Communication between the drawing office and the work shop is mainly achieved via
the engineering drawing orthographic or pictorial. In order to reduce drafting time a
number standard parts are abbreviated.
Before this engineers shorthand can be correctly it is necessary to understand the
terms used to describe features of engineering components. This terminology is common
to both drawing office and workshop and is often used when discussing the various
manufacturing and machining processes used in engineering.
Many different types of holes may be seen on engineering drawings. The more
common ones, associated with drilling, reaming and tapping. The name and where
appropriate the application of each is indicated.

1. A drilled hole or, if grater accuracy is required, a reamed hole.

2. A blind tapped hole i.e. a threaded hole which passes only a part way through the
plate.
3. A countersunk hole provides a mating seat for a countersunk head screw or rivet.
4. A counter bore provides a housing for the heads of cap screw, bolts, etc.
5. A spot face a much shallower circular recess. Provides a machined seat for nuts, bolt
heads, washers, etc.

Abbreviations
Many terms and expressions in engineering need to be written on drawings so
frequently as to justify the use of abbreviations which help to reduce drafting time and
costs. A selection of the more commonly used ones are stated and clarified in the following
table.
Abbreviation
Meaning
Sketch/Notes
A/C

Across corners

A/F

Across flats

Hex HD

Hexagon head

ASSY

Assembly

CRS

Centers

CL

Center line

CHAM

Chamfered

CH HD

Cheese head

CSK

Countersunk

Abbreviation

Meaning

CYL

Cylinder or Cylindrical

DIA

Diameter (In a note)

Diameter
(preceding a dimension)

Radius (preceding a dimension,

Capital only)

DRG.

Drawing

FIG.

Figure

LH

Left hand

LG

Long

MAT:

Material

NO.

Number

PATT NO.

Pattern number

PCD

Pitch circle diameter

I/D

Inside diameter

O/D

Out side diameter

Sketch/Notes

Abbreviation

Meaning

RH

Right hand

RD HD

Round head

SCR

Screwed

SPEC

Specifications

S FACE

Spot face

SQ

Square

Square (preceding dimension)

STD

Standard

U CUT

undercut

M/CD

Machined

mm

Millimeter

NTS

Not to be scale

RPM

Revolution per minute

SWG

Standard wire Gauge

TPI

Threads per Inch

Sketch/Notes

SI symbol: rev/min

Conventional Representation of Common

Features
Screw Threads
There are many components commonly used in engineering which are complicated to
draw to full. In order to save drawing time, these parts are shown in a simplified,
conventional form.
Subject
Convention
The screw thread is represented by
two parallel lines. The distance
between these lines is approximately
equal to the depth of thread.
The inside line is THIN and the circle
is broken

Springs
A spring is designated by stating the diameter of the wire, the coil diameter (inside or
outside), the form of the spring ends, the total number of the coils and its free length.
in the case of compression spring, the pitch of the coil may be deduced from its free
length and number of coil.

Shaft Details
it is frequently necessary to fix a component to one end of a shaft or spindle so that a
torque may be transmitted.
Subject

Square on the end

of a long Shaft

Splined Shaft

Side View

Convention

Knurling
Knurling is a common method of providing a roughened to aid tightening or
slackening of a screw by hand. This is formed by pressing special rollers against the
surface of the component whist it revolves in lathe.
Subject

Diamond Knurl on a machine screw head

Straight Knurl on a circuit terminal

Convention

Long Components
There are occasions when bars, shafts, spindles or tubes may be too long to be drawn
to a reasonable scale. In such cases the elevation may be interrupted .
Subject

Rectangular Bar

Circular Shaft OR Spindle

Hollow Shaft OR Tube

Convention

Multiple Holes
When a large number of holes of equal diameter are equally spaced around a
diameter or a line, only one hole need be drawn in full with the reminder marked with a
short center line.
That circle is
called the pitch
circle diameter
or PCD

Gears
Before gears be drawn a great deal of background knowledge about their
nomenclature and construction must be acquired.
Subject

Spur
Gear

Worm
And
Wheel

Convention
Side view
of gear
wheel is
in section

A good example of a how a complex component maybe drawn relatively simply is

the bevel gear. The assembly shown blow is of a pair of gear of equal size, the direction
of motion being changed through an angle 90. In the arrangement he gears are often
referred to mitre wheel.
The gares ma be of differing sizes of course and the angle between the shaft may
be other then 90. In this letter case, the side view of the gear assembly would have to
show one gear as then ellipse.

Pictorial Drawing
A component may be represented graphically in various ways. An
Orthographic Drawing, for example, requiring a minimum of two views to
fully communicate the size and the shape of a component, is used in
engineering mainly to convey manufacturing instruction from the designer
to the craftsman. On the other hand a well executed Pictorial Drawing
adequately representing all but the most complicated components using
one view only, is used mainly as an aid to visualization of the shape of a
component rather then for communication detailed instruction for
manufacture.
A pictorial drawing, generally, is a quickly produced approximately scaled
representation of a component a picture rather then an accurately scaled
line drawing.
There are many different types of pictorial representation. Two of the most
commonly used ones are known as Isometric Drawing
and Oblique Drawing.

Isometric

All receding lines are

drawn at 30

Oblique
An oblique pictorial drawing presents with the component with one of its faces as a true
shape. This shape is drawn on the front face of the oblique box as shown below.
The longest face is usually drawn on the front of the oblique box with receding lines
between and full size.

Methods Of Construction Of
Oblique Drawing
There are many variations in angle, length of receding lines, and directions from
which a component may be viewed in order to produce an oblique drawing as can be
seen by examples on the previous slide. Different oblique drawings of the same
component may each provide the details required.

The receding lines may be drawn at any angle to the horizontal but an
angle of 30, 45, 60 is proffered as lines can be drawn with set squares.

Receding lines may be any proportion of heir true length. A good

pictorial representation is obtained if lengths from to actual length is used.

Dimensioning
A number of the basic rules of dimensioning can be explained by reference to the above
drawing of a thin plate.
The sides marked A and B are known as DATUM faces. They are used as reference
edges from which dimensions are drawn. Datum's may or may not be machined. Even if
they are not machined it is good practice to choose reference edges in order to simplify
the layout of dimensions.

1. Dimension Line: Thin full lines placed outside the component where possible
and spaced well away from the out lines. The longer dimension lines are placed
outside shorter ones.

2. Projection Lines: Thin full lines which extend from the view to provide a
boundary for the dimension line. Drawn at 90 to the out line.

3. Arrowheads: Drawn with sharp strokes which must touch the extension lines.
4. A Leader line is a thin full line which is drawn from a note, a dimension or, in this
case, a balloon and terminates in an arrowhead or a dot.

5.
6.

Relatively small gap.

Relatively short tail.

7.
8.
9.

Crossing extensions lines usually a break to ensure clarity.

Dimension placed above the dimension line. This is preferred to the alternative
method of placing the dimension in a gap in the line. Avoid using both methods on
the same drawing if possible.
Dimension placed so that it may be read from bottom or right hand side of the
drawing sheet.

Arrangement Of Dimensions
Dimensions should be placed so that they may be read from either the bottom or
right-hand side of a drawing, for example:

Various methods of dimensioning narrow spaces or width are shown above.

Dimensioning Circles
1. The way a circle is dimensioned the dimension always refers to the diameter and
NOT the radius.
2. A circle is never dimensioned on a center line.
3. The conventional symbol for diameter is .
The leader line must be
drawn in line with the
center of the circle.
In the example it is
preferable to dimension
the side view even tough
the cylindrical shape is
not apparent. Dimension
in this view, however,
must
always be preceded by
symbol .

Dimensioning Radii
A radius should be dimensioned by a dimension line which passes through, or is in line
with, the center of the arc.
The dimension line should have one arrowhead which should be placed at the point of
contact with the arc. The abbreviation R should always precede the dimension.

Dimensioning Angles
Angles are Expressed in:
1. Degrees e.g. 90
2. Degrees and minutes e.g. 27 30
The placing of the angular dimension depends on the position of the angle in
relation to the bottom and/or the right-hand side of the drawing sheet and
the size of the angle.

Dimensioning Chamfers
45 chamfer should be specified by one of the methods below:

Location Dimensions
The features can be located from a machined surface or center line. Such s surface or line
is known as DATUM.
Examples on pervious slides have been shown components and features may be
dimensioned when size is the main consideration.

Spigot located from

two reference edges
( R).

Both holes located from two

reference edges ( R).

Both holes located from two

reference edges ( R) then
hole B related to hole A.

The simple bearing bracket casting on the left

shows both size and location dimensions.
Reference surface are marked with machining
symbol:This is placed so that it may be read from the
right of the sheet.
It is preferable to place the symbol on the
appropriate projection line rather than as show
on the left.
No symbol is required where the machine is
specified i.e. in the case of the drilled holes, the
reamed holes and the spot-face.
The location dimension are those show with letter L
and size dimensions by a letter S. Some of the size dimensions are less accurate then other
e.g. the thickness of the rib is fixed during the casting process whistle the 11 mm diameter
holes is accurately reamed. The 20 mm diameter hole located by the dimension from the
machined base to the center line of the hole.

Threads
A screw thread, often shortened to thread, is a helical structure used to convert
between rotational and linear movement or force. A screw thread is a ridge wrapped
around a cylinder or cone in the form of a helix, with the former being called a straight
thread and the latter called a tapered thread. A screw thread is the essential feature of the
screw as a simple machine and also as a fastener.

Pipe Threads G Series

These are parallel pipe threads having thread
angle of 55 and are used where pressure-tight
joints are not made on threads.

Taper Pipe Threads Whitworth Form

These threads have a taper of 1 in 16 and a
thread angle of 55 and are used where
pressure tight joints are made on threads.

American Pipe Threads

These threads have a taper of 1 in 16 and a
thread angle of 60. The types of threads
include NPT, NPTF & ANPT.

ACME Threads
Acme screw threads are mainly used for
the purpose of producing traversing
motions on machines, tools etc.
The multi-start threads are used to provide
fast relative traversing motion.

Stub ACME
The Stub Acme screw threads are generally
confined to those unusual applications like
transmission of power and motion where a
coarse pitch thread of shallow depth is
required due to mechanical or metallurgical
considerations.

Trapezoidal Thread
Trapezoidal threads are used for
transmission of power and motion and are
nearly similar to ACME threads, but are
made to metric dimensions and standards.
The most commonly used class of threads
are 7e for external threads & 7H for internal
threads.

Buttress Screw Thread

These are asymmetrical threads and are used
for transmission of power in one direction.
The most common thread profile is 7 / 45.

Round Threads
These threads are also known as Knuckle
threads and are insensitive to dirt and
damage due to their round shape and are
used in fastening screw threads in clutch of
railway cars and for large valves and gates,
for bottle caps etc.

Parts of Thread

PITCH
The axial distance between threads. Pitch is equal to the lead in a single
start screw.

LEAD
The axial distance the nut advances in one revolution of the screw. The
lead is equal to the pitch times the number of starts.
LEAD = PITCH x STARTS
For example: 1/4" 4 RH requires four turns for one inch of travel. A 1/4
4 RH has two starts and a 0.125" pitch. 0.125" pitch X two starts = 0.250
lead.

SCREW STARTS
The number of independent threads on the screw shaft; example one, two
or four.

Right Hand And Left Hand Threads

Right Hand Thread
A type of thread that is screwed in by rotating it clockwise.

Left Hand Thread

A type of thread that is screwed in by rotating it anti-clockwise.

Assembly Drawings
The purpose of an assembly drawing is to provide visual information about the way in
which parts of machine or structure fit together. There are several types of assembly
drawings and the differences in presentation depend on the uses for which they are intended.
They are:
1.

Layout Assemblies in which the designer places together all the various parts in order to
established overall sizes, distances, etc. and as a result the feasibility of this design.
2. Outline Assemblies these gives general information about a machine or a group of
components, for example, main sizes and centre distances which would show how the
unit would be installed. This type of assembly is often used in catalogues giving details
of the range of units offered for sale.
3. General Assemblies or Arrangement Drawings shows clearly how components fit
together and more important how the assembled unit functions'. Outside views, sectional
and part sectional views may be used but dimensions are rarely needed. The various
parts may be labeled by ballooning and parts list would complete the drawing.
4. Sub-Assembly are drawings which show only one unit of a multi unit component. One
more complicated or multiple part components it may first be necessary to arrange parts
into sub assemblies which are then built up into the main assembly.

5.

Sectioned Assemblies a simple assembly may be drawn with out the need for
sectional views and clearly understood. On more complex assembly drawings,
however, too many hidden detail lines tend to confuse and a sectional view of the
assembled parts conveys the information more clearly.