Companies manufacturing

pumps
KSB
Grundfos

Centrifugal pump
The centrifugal pump creates an increase
in pressure by transferring mechanical
energy from the motor to the fluid
through the rotating impeller. The fluid
flows from the inlet to the impeller centre
and out along its blades. The centrifugal
force hereby increases the fluid velocity
and consequently also the kinetic energy
is transformed to pressure.

Inlet flange and inlet

The pump is connected to the piping
system through its inlet and outlet
flanges.
The inlet guides the fluid to the
impeller eye. The design of the inlet
depends on the pump type.
Types of Inlet Suction are:
Inline
Double suction

 Inline pumps are constructed to be

mounted on a straight pipe hence
the name inline. The inlet section
leads the fluid into the impeller eye.

double suction pumps

The impeller in doublesuction pumps
has two impeller eyes. The inlet splits
in two and leads the fluid from the
inlet flange to both impeller eyes.
This design minimises the axial force

Impeller
The fluid is sucked into the impeller
at the impeller eye and flows through
the impeller channels formed by the
blades

 The impeller has a number of impeller

blades. The number mainly depends on
the desired performance as well as the
amount and size of solid particles in the
fluid. Impellers with 5-10 channels has
proven to give the best efficiency and is
used for fluid without solid particles. One,
two or three channel impellers are used
for fluids with particles such as
wastewater.

 Impellers without a shroud are called

open impellers. Open impellers are
used where it is necessary to clean
the impeller and where there is risk
of blocking.

Semi open impeller

Reciprocating pumps

Main components
A reciprocation pumps consists of a plunger or a
piston that moves forward and backward inside a
cylinder with the help of a connecting rod and a
crank. The crank is rotated by an external source
of power.
The cylinder is connected to the sump by a
suction pipe and to the delivery tank by a
delivery pipe.
At the cylinder ends of these pipes, non-return
valves are provided. A non-return valve allows the
liquid to pass in only one direction.
Through suction valve, liquid can only be
admitted into the cylinder and through the
delivery valve, liquid can only be discharged into

Main components

Working of Reciprocating
Pump
When the piston moves from the left to the right,

a suction pressure is produced in the cylinder. If

the pump is started for the first time or after a
long period, air from the suction pipe is sucked
during the suction stroke, while the delivery valve
is closed. Liquid rises into the suction pipe by a
small height due to atmospheric pressure on the
sump liquid.
During the delivery stroke, air in the cylinder is
pushed out into the delivery pipe by the thrust of
the piston, while the suction valve is closed.
When all the air from the suction pipe has been
exhausted, the liquid from the sump is able to
rise and enter the cylinder.

Working of Reciprocating
Pump
During the delivery stroke it is displaced into the
delivery pipe. Thus the liquid is delivered into the
delivery tank intermittently, i.e. during the
delivery stroke only.

Classification of Reciprocating pumps

Following are the main types of reciprocating
pumps:

According to use of piston sides

Single acting Reciprocating Pump:
If there is only one suction and one delivery
pipe and the liquid is filled only on one side of
the piston, it is called a single-acting
reciprocating pump.
Double acting Reciprocating Pump:
A double-acting reciprocating pump has two
suction and two delivery pipes, Liquid is
receiving on both sides of the piston in the
cylinder and is delivered into the respective

Classification of Reciprocating pumps

Discharge through a Reciprocating

Pump
Let
A = cross sectional area of cylinder
r = crank radius
N = rpm of the crank
L = stroke length (2r)
Discharge through pump per second=
Area x stroke length x rpm/60

N
Qth A L
60

This will be the discharge when the pump is single

acting.

Discharge through a Reciprocating

Pump

Discharge through a Reciprocating

Pump
Discharge in case of double acting pump

ALN ( A AP ) LN

Discharge/Second = Qth
60

60

(2 A AP ) LN
Qth
60
Where, Ap = Area of cross-section
of piston rod
However, if area of the piston rod is neglected
Discharge/Second = 2ALN

60