Module no.

3
Contents:

CHARGES and Its Law

Electrical Quantities: Voltage and Current

Topic Objectives:

To state the Law of charges

To define the meaning of voltage in relation to

charges

To define the meaning of current in relation to

charges

To solve problems dealing with voltage and

current
from a given charge

LAW OF CHARGES

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Practice Exercise:
1. Electrical forces ____.
a. can cause objects to only attract each other
b. can cause objects to only repel each other
c. can cause objects to attract or repel each other
d. have no affect on objects

2. Two objects are charged as shown at the right. Object X will ____ object Y.
a. attract

b. repel

c. not affect

3. Two objects are shown at the right. One is neutral and the other is
negative. Object X will ____ object Y.
a. attract

b. repel

c. not affect

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/Class/estatics/u8l1c.html

THE VOLTAGE

VOLTAGE SURROUNDS TWO

ELECTRIC CHARGES

MAGNETISM SURROUNDS
A MAGNET'S POLES

http://amasci.com/miscon/voltage.html

The Separation of Charges

The separation of positive and negative charges establis

a potential difference (VOLTAGE).

http://www.mi.mun.ca/users/cchaulk/eltk1100/ivse/ivse.htm#

The potential difference causes the free electrons to mo

in a single direction, thus establishes the flow of electron
(ELECTRIC CURRENT)
CHARGES
One Coulomb :
1C
=
6.24x1018 protons
-1C =
6.24x1018 electrons
THE VOLTAGE
W=Fxd

- involves work (Energy)

(joules)

but

F = ma

The statement:
1 volt = the amount of work (joules) required to mo
one coulomb of charge between two poin

The equation:
W
Voltage (V) =
Q

(joules)
(coulomb)

To determine the energy:

W = (Q) (V)

(joules, J)

To determine the charge involved:

Q=

W_
V

(coulomb, C)

Sample Problems:

1. Find the voltage between two points if 60J of energy a

required to move a charge of 20C between two points

2. Determine the energy expended moving a charge of 5

between two points if the voltage across these points
6V.
ELECTRIC CURRENT (I)
Which came first, Voltage or Current?

VOLTAGE is the starting mechanism

CURRENT is simply a reaction to the applied voltag

CURRENT
= is the result of the movement of electric charge
= rate of flow of charge

The statement:
1 ampere = one coulomb of charge (6.24x1018e) pa
through an imaginary plane in one se
The current equation:
I =

Q_
t

(coulomb, C)
= Ampere (A)
(sec, S)

Manipulating:
Q = (I) (t) (coulomb, C)
t = Q_
I

(seconds, S)

Sample Problems:

1. The charge flowing through the imaginary surface is 0.

every 64ms. Determine the current in amperes.
2.

Determine how long it will take 4 x 1016 e to

pass
through the imaginary surface if the current is
5mA.

Exercises:
1. Find the charge in coulombs of
a) 5.31x1020 electrons
b) 2.9 x 1022 protons

2. How many protons have a combined charge of 6.8pC?

3. Find the current flow through a light bulb from a
steady movement of
a) 60 C in 5 sec
b) 15 C in 2 min
c) 1022 electrons in 1 hr
4. Electrons pass to the right through a wire cross
section at the rate of 6.4 x 1021 electrons per
minute. What is the
current in the wire?

5. Will a 10-A fuse blow for a steady rate of charge flow

through it of 45000 C/h?

6. Assuming a steady current flow through a switch, find

time required for
a) 12C if I = 30pA (in hour)
b) 2.58 x 1015 electron if I = - 64.2 nA (in hour)
7. Find the work required to lift 4500kg elevator at a
vertical
distance of 50m.
8. Find the voltage drop across a light bulb if 0.5A
current
flowing through it for 4 sec causes the light bulb to
give
(Next is supplementary problems)
off 240J of light and heat energy.

SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS

1. The total charge entering a terminal is given by

q 5t sin 4t mC
Calculate the current at t = 0.5sec

2. Determine the total charge entering a terminal betwee

t =1sec and t = 2sec, if the current passing the termin

i (3t 2 t ) A

WORK, POWER AND ENERGY

The Equation:

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POWER = an indication of how much work (energy) can

accomplished amount of time.
= rate of doing work
= product of voltage and current
1 Watt = One joule of work that is either absorbed or
delivered at a constant rate of 1 second
P = V

= W
Q

xQ
t

Power Equation:
W (Joules)
P = t
(sec)

(Watts, W)

ENERGY = Power that must be used over a period of tim

= lost or gained by the system
Energy Equation:
W = (P) x (t) ( Watt-seconds or Joules)
Power (W) x time (hr)
Energy (kilowatt-hour, kWh) =
1000
POWER RATING OF RESISTORS
If Pin > PR
Pin
resistor will be damaged!
( Excessive HEAT!)
PR

Check whether the resistor in each circuit has possibly be

damaged.
+
_

W
100

9V

1W
10

+ 5V
(a)
(c)
+
_

24V
(b)

W
1.5k

ADDITIONAL SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. In an electric circuit an energy of 9.25 mJ is required to

transport 0.5 mC from point a to point b. What electric
potential difference exists between the two points?
2. A resistor has a potential difference of 50.0V across its
terminals and 120.0C of charge per minute passes a fixed
point. Under these conditions at what rate is electric energy
converted to heat?

ADDITIONAL SAMPLE PROBLEMS

3. How many coulombs of charge is the equivalent of
1 Ampere-hour*?
4. The force applied to an object moving in the x direction
varies according to F = 12/x2 (N).
(a)Find the work done in the interval 1m x 3m.
(b) What constant force acting over the same interval would
result in the same work?
5. Determine the current through a 5k resistor when
the power the power dissipated by the element is
20mW.
*The ampere-hour rating is a measure of the energy the battery stores; consequently, the
energy transferred for total discharge is the same whether it is transferred in 10 hours or 20
hours. Since power is the rate of energy transfer, the power for a 10-hour discharge is twice
that in a 20-hour discharge.

ADDITIONAL SAMPLE PROBLEMS

6. How much energy (in kilowatt-hours) is required to light

100watt bulb (continuously for 1 year = 365 days)?

7. How long can a 205W television set be on before using m

than 4kWhr of energy?

8. What is the cost of using a 5Hp motor for two hours if th

rate is P50.00 per kWhr ?

9. What is the total cost of using all of the following at P50

per kWhr?
a) A 1200w toaster for 30min
d) A 4800W elec
b) six 50W bulbs for 4 hrs
clothes dryer f
c) A 400W washing machine for 45mins 20mins

EFFICIENCY - the ratio of output to input power

Pout
=
Pin

x 100%

Sample Problems:

1. A 2Hp motor operates at an efficiency of 75%. What is

power input in watts? If the applied voltage is 220V, w
is the input current?

2. What is the output in horsepower of a motor with an

efficiency
of 80% and an input current of 8A at 12

3. How long can a 12-V car battery supply 40A to a starte

motor if the battery has 4x106 J of chemical energy th
can be converted to electric energy?
4. What is the operating efficiency of a fully loaded 2Hp
electric motor that draws 19A at 100V?

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES:
1. A conductor has a constant current of five amperes. How
many electrons pass a fixed point on the conductor in one
minute?
2. An AWG #12 copper wire, a size in common use in residential
wiring, contains approximately 2.77x1023 free electrons per
meter length, assuming one free conduction electron per atom.
What percentage of these electrons will pass a fixed cross
section if the conductor carries a constant current of 25.0 A?
3. How many electrons pass a fixed point in a 100-watt light bulb
in 1 hour if the applied constant voltage is 120 V?
4. Obtain the work and power associated with a force of
7.5x104 N acting over a distance of 2 meters in an elapsed time
of 14 seconds.