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FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS

PADJADJARAN
BIOPHARMACY

STUDI BIOFARMASI
PADA PEMBERIAN
OBAT SECARA
1

STUDI BIOFARMASI
PADA PEMBERIAN
OBAT SECARA
PERKUTAN
Teh Ai Yeen
260110103004
Gan Soon Chong
260110103008
Cooghen Dev
260110103020
Ranpal Singh
260110103022
Vimallan Manogaran
260110103023
Vishoth Kumar Morti
260110103025
Muhamad Syamim Aiman
260110103027

SKIN
Epidermi
s
Dermis
Hypoder
mis

http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-

SKIN
Epidermi
s
Dermis
Hypoder
mis

http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-

FUNCTIONS
Protecting the body from heat, sunlight, injury and
infection
Getting rid of waste substances through the sweat
glands
Sensation
Helping to regulate body temperature
Prevents loss of moisture

Production of vitamin D.
( HSE, 2013 )

ROUT
Dermal ( local ) E
cream, ointment
Transdermal ( systemic )absorption of drug through skin
Controlled drug delivery system.
No first pass metabolism.
Drug must be potent
Patch becomes too large

( Bolzinger et al, 2012 )

( Escobar-Chavez, B.J.J. et al, 2012 )

The major drug route of drug


transport across the
stratumcorneum is the intercellular
pathway.

( Smith et al, 2005 )

DRUG IN DELIVERY

SYSTEM

DRUG IN TARGET TISSUE

PHARMACOLOGICAL

RESPONSE

RELEA
SE

LOCALIZ
ED

TOPICAL

DRUG IN SKIN SECRETION


FLUIDS, SWEAT, SEBUM,

pH 4.5--5.5

ABSORPTION

DISTRIBUTION

TRANSDERMAL

DRUG IN BLOOD CIRCULATION

ELIMINATION

DRUG IN SKIN SECRETION


FLUIDS, SWEAT, SEBUM,
pH 4.5--5.5

RELEASE

DRUG IN DELIVERY
SYSTEM

Persamaan Higuchi
dQ Km.D.S .(C1 C 2)

dt
e

Tetapan Permeabilitas
Kp = km.D
e
Kp =tetapan permeabilitas
Km =koefisiensi partisi
D =tetapan difusi
e = tebal membran
Mencerminkan kemampuan menembus suatu senyawa
melintasi suatu membran tertentu.
Tetapan permeabilitas suatu senyawa yang berdifusi kedalam
semua lapisan kulit merupakan jumlah beberapa tetapan Kc,
Ke, Kd yang secara berurutan merupakan
Semakin tinggi nilai tetapan tersebut maka kemampuannya
semakin nyata.

HUKUM FICK
dQ = Kp.S.(C1 C2)
dt
Kp = tetapan permeabilitas
S = luas permukaan membran
C1 C2 = perbedaan konsentrasi pada
kedua sisi membran
Menyatakan bahawa fluksi dari materi yang berdifusi
sebanding dengan gradien konsentrasi

TAHANAN DIFUSI KULIT


Tahanan disetiap jaringan yang berhadapan pada difusi akan meningkat dan
dapat
dikaitkan dengan tetapan permeabilitas kulit keseluruhan :

PERMEABILITAS KULIT
Kp = Kc = Km D

Kp = tetapan
permeabilitas
Semakin
tinggi nilai
tetapan tersebut maka kemampuannya
Km = koefisien partisi
semakin nyata
D
e

= tetapan difusi
= tebal membran

Kp mencerminkan kemampuan menembus suatu senyawa melintasi suatu membran


tertentu; semakin tinggi nilai tetapan tersebut maka kemampuannya semakin nyata.
Tetapan permeabilitas suatu senyawa yang berdifusi kedalam semua lapisan kulit
merupakan jumlah beberapa tetapan Kc, Ke, Kd yang secara berurutan merupakan
tetapan permeabilitas molekul

TETAPAN DIFUSI (HUKUM STOKESEINSTEIN)

Faktor fisiologik yang mempengaruhi


penyerapan perkutan
Keadaan dan
Umur Kulit
Aliran Darah

Tempat
Pengolesan

FAKTOR
FISIOLOGIK

Kelembaban dan
Temperatur

Faktor fisiologik yang mempengaruhi


penyerapan perkutan
Keadaan dan
Umur Kulit
Aliran Darah

Tempat
Pengolesan

FAKTOR
FISIOLOGIK

Kelembaban dan
Temperatur

Optimasi ketersediaan hayati


sediaan perkutan
OPTIMASI
KETERSEDIAAN
HAYATI
Tetapan Difusi

Koefisien Partisi

Konsentrasi Zat Aktif

Iontoforesis

Kelarutan dan Keadaan


Termodinamika

Surfaktan

Pembawa

Absorbsi Zat Aktif

Optimasi ketersediaan hayati


sediaan perkutan
OPTIMASI
KETERSEDIAAN
HAYATI
Tetapan Difusi

Koefisien Partisi

Konsentrasi Zat Aktif

Iontoforesis

Kelarutan dan Keadaan


Termodinamika

Surfaktan

Pembawa

Absorbsi Zat Aktif

Evaluasi farmasetik sediaan


perkutan
STUDI DIFUSI IN VITRO
STUDI PENYERAPAN

PENGAMATAN EFEK
BIOLOGIS

HISTOLOGI

EVALUASI

Evaluasi farmasetik sediaan


perkutan
STUDI DIFUSI IN VITRO
STUDI PENYERAPAN

PENGAMATAN EFEK
BIOLOGIS

HISTOLOGI

EVALUASI

Journal
Review

Referrences
Bolzinger, M.A;Brianon, S.;Jocelyne Pelletier,J.; Chevalier,Y. 2012.
Penetration of drugs through skin, a complex rate-controlling membrane.
Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science,17 ( 3 ): 156165.
Boman A, Maibach HI. (2000) Percutaneous absorption of organic solvents. Int J Occup Environ
Health; 6: 935.
Brooke I, Cocker J, Delic JI et al. (1998) Dermal uptake of solvents from the vapour phase: an
experimental study in humans. Ann Occup Hyg; 42: 53140.
Escobar-Chavez, B.J.J., Rodriguez-Cruz, I.M., Dominguez-Delgado, C.L., DiazTorres, R.,Revilla-Vazquez, A.L., Alencaster, N.C. 2012. Nanocarrier Systems
for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Intech, 10 : 5772/50314.
Farris, P.K. 2013. Skin Anatomy and Physiology. Available online at
https:// www.nuskin. com/ en_ZA/ corporate/ company/ science/
skin_care_science/ skin_anatomy_and physiology.html ( Accessed on 3
December 2013 ).
Health and Safety Executive. 2013. Structure and Functions of The Skin.
Available at http: //www. hse. gov. uk/ skin/ professional/ causes/ structure.
htm ( Accessed on 3 December 2013 ).
Kezic S, Mahieu K, Monster AC, de Wolff FA. (1997) Dermal absorption of vaporous and liquid
2-methoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol in volunteers. Occup Environ Med;54: 3843.

Referrences
Meuling WJ, Franssen AC, Brouwer DH, van Hemmen JJ. (1997) The influence of skin moisture
on the dermal absorption of propoxur in human volunteers:a consideration for biological
monitoring practices. Sci Total Environ 199: 16572.
Schafer P, Bewick-Sonntag C, Capri MG, Berardesca E. (2002) Physiological changes in skin
barrier function in relation to occlusion level, exposure time and climatic conditions. Skin
Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol; 15: 719.
Smith and Williams. 2005. Introduction to the Principles of Drug Design and
Action, Fourth Edition. CRC press. United States.
ThinkQuest. 2013. Sense of Touch. Available online at http:// library.
thinkquest. org/ 3750/touch/touch.html ( Accessed on 3 December 2013 ).
Wathoni, N.; Sofia, J.; Pamudji; Darijanto, S. 2012. EFFECT OF IONTOPHORESIS
AND PENETRATION ENHANCERS ON THE IN VITRO DIFFUSION OF A
PIROXICAM GEL . International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences ,4 (4) : 0975-1491.
Wiechers JW. (1989) The barrier functon of the skin in relation to percutaneous absorption of
drugs. Pharm Weekbl Sci; 11: 18598.

THANK YOU
ATUR
NUHUN

Absorbsi Zat Aktif


Bahan yang mempunyai efek terhadap
permiabilitas sawar ( barrier ) kulit.
Pelarut organik seperti benzene, alkohol,
aseton, terbukti dapat meningkatkan kecepatan
penetrasi baik bahan yang larut dalam air atau
bahan yang larut dalam lemak.

( Schafer et al, 2002 ; Boman et al , 2000 )

Aliran Darah

http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-

http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-

Epidermis
The epidermis is the outermost layer
of the skin.
Thickness is 0.1 millimeters.
Protective shield.

(Farris,
2013 )

LAYER OF EPIDERMIS
Stratum
basale
Stratum
spinosum

Stratum
granulosu
m

Stratum
corneum
Stratum
lucidum
(Farris,

LAYER OF EPIDERMIS
Stratum
basale
Stratum
spinosum

Stratum
granulosu
m

Stratum
corneum
Stratum
lucidum
(Farris,

HISTOLOGI
Memerhatikan perubahan pada sel secara
mikroskopik.
(Kezic S et. al , 1997 )

http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/picture-of-the-

Intercellular pathway

Iontoforesis
Iontoforesis akan meningkatkan penyerapan
sistemik obat yang dipakai zat aktif
langsung menembus ke dalam dermis dan
memasuki sistem peredaran darah.
Diperbahaskan lebih lanjut di review jurnal

( Wathoni et al, 2012 )

EFFECT OF IONTOPHORESIS AND PENETRATION ENHANCERS


ON THE IN VITRO DIFFUSION OF A PIROXICAM GEL (Wathoni,
N., Pamudji, J. S., & Darijanto, S. (2012)

Curve of the rate of diffusion of piroxicam gel


without iontophoresis..-- FS(Without
penetrationenhancers substances). -- F1 (ethanol),
--F2 (DMSO), --F3 (Ethyl acetate), -*- F4 (Tween
80)

Ethanol and
of diffusion

Ethyl acetate have the highest rate


without iontophorosis as the result

Curve of the rate of diffusion of piroxicam gel


with and without iontophoresis, --FS (With
iontophoresis), -- FS (Without iontophoresis)

The diffusion rate of piroxicam gel with


iontophoresis application and absence of the
penetration enhancer (FS) was almost two
times faster than without it.

Curve of the rate of diffusion of piroxicam gel FS,F1 and F3.


-- FS (without iontophoresis), -- FS(withiontophoresis),- F1 (without iontophoresis), - -F1 (withiontophoresis),-- F3
(without
iontophoresis),-- F3 (with iontophoresis).

Can be observe from the graph that the rate of diffusion


regardless of formulation using iontophoresis has became
higher than without iontophoresis

Curve of the rate of diffusion of piroxicam gel FS,F2,dan F4.


-- FS (without iontophoresis), -- FS (with iontophoresis),- F2 (without iontophoresis), - -F2 (with iontophoresis),
-- F4 (without iontophoresis), - - F4 (with iontophoresis)
Result showed that the piroxicam diffusions from the formula with penetrance
enhancer were : F1 (ethanol 5%) > F3 (ethyl acetate 5%) > F4 (Tween 80 5%) > F2
(DMSO 5%) > FS (without penetrance enhancer) respectively. The amount of drug
diffused by iontophoresis method was twice higher than in original formula (FS)
without
iontophoresis. The combination effect of penetrance enhancer and iontophoresis
showed a better synergic effect in the formula F1 and F3

Keadaan dan Umur Kulit

http://www.calvaryupc.com/wp-content/
uploads/2013/11/3Kids.jpg

Kelarutan dan Keadaan Termodinamika


Difusi molekul terjadi karena adanya perbedaan
potensial termodinamika
Aliran yang terjadi selalu berasal dari daerah dengan
potensial termodinamika tinggi menuju daerah dengan
potensial yang lebih rendah.
Bila molekul obat berbentuk kompleks yang larut dalam
pembawa, maka aktivitas termodinamikanya sangat
rendah dan jumlah zat yang diserap sangat kecil.
(Brooke I et. al, 1998 )

Kelembaban dan Temperatur

Permeabilit
y

Koefisien Partisi

Koefisien partisi

Mencerminkan afinitas
senyawa terhadap
pembawanya
(Kezic S et. al , 1997 )

Konsentrasi Zat Aktif

Jumlah zat aktif yang diserap


pada setiap satuan luas
permukaan dan satuan

Waktu konsentrasi senyawa


dalam media pembawa

( Wiechers JW, 1989 )

FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS


PADJADJARAN
BIOPHARMACY

TEH AI YEEN
260110103004
54

FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS


PADJADJARAN
BIOPHARMACY

GAN SOON CHONG


260110103008
55

FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS


PADJADJARAN
BIOPHARMACY

COOGHEN DEV
260110103020
56

FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS


PADJADJARAN
BIOPHARMACY

RANPAL SINGH
260110103022
57

FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS


PADJADJARAN
BIOPHARMACY

VIMALLAN
MANOGARAN
260110103023
58

FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS


PADJADJARAN
BIOPHARMACY

VISHOTH KUMAR
MORTI
260110103025
59

FAKULTAS FARMASI UNIVERSITAS


PADJADJARAN
BIOPHARMACY

MUHAMAD SYAMIM
AIMAN
260110103027
60

Pembawa
Bahan pembawa dapat mempengaruhi keadaan
dengan mudah permeabilitas kulit dalam batas
fisiologik dan bersifat reversibel.
Agar koefisien partisi lebih berpihak pada
lapisan tanduk, sebaiknya zat aktif lebih tidak
larut dalam pembawa dibandingkan dalam
lapisan tanduk, jadi pembawa mempunyai
afinitas kecil terhadap senyawa yang
didukungnya.
( Schafer et al, 2002 )

PENGAMATAN EFEK BIOLOGIS


Pelebaran pembuluh darah

(Kezic et al , 1997 )

Prevent loss of moisture


The skin prevents the body from losing
water and electrolytes.
Water continually evaporates from the
skins surface.

Protection
Provides a protective barrier against
mechanical, thermal and physical
injury and hazardous substances.
An immune organ to detect infections
etc.
Reduces harmful effects of UV
radiation.

Regulate body temperature


Blood flow to the skins surface allows
the heat to escape to the air and helps to
maintain a constant body temperature.
Sweating allows the body to regulate its
temperature. Sweating does not occur
until the core body temperature is
greater than 37C.

Heat
flow
sweat

SENSATION
Nerve receptors in the skin monitor the
environment by sensing cold, heat, pain
and pressure. These nerve receptors are
more concentrated in our fingertips.
Acts as a sensory organ (touch, detects
temperature).

http://library.thinkquest.org/3750/touch/touch.html

Stratum basale
This is the deepest layer of the epidermis and sits directly on
top of the dermis.
It is a single layer of cube-shaped cells. New epidermal skin
cells, called keratinocytes, are formed in this layer through cell
division to replace those shed continuously from the upper
layers of the epidermis.
This regenerative process is called skin cell renewal.
Melanocytes, found in the stratum basale, are responsible for
the production of skin pigment, or melanin.
Melanocytes transfer the melanin to nearby keratinocytes that
will eventually migrate to the surface of the skin.
Melanin is photoprotective: it helps protect the skin against
ultraviolet radiation (sun exposure).
(Farris, 2013 )

Stratum corneum
This is the top, outermost layer of the
epidermis and is 25-30 layers of
flattened, dead keratinocytes.
This layer is the real protective layer of
the skin.
Keratinocytes in the stratum corneum
are continuously shed by friction and
replaced by the cells formed in the
deeper sections of the epidermis
(Farris, 2013 )

Stratum granulosum
It is composed of 3-5 layers of
flattened keratina tough, fibrous
protein that gives skin its protective
properties.
Cells in this layer are too far from the
dermis to receive nutrients through
diffusion, so they begin to die.

(Farris, 2013 )

Stratum lucidum
This layer is present only in the
fingertips, palms, and soles of the
feet.

(Farris, 2013 )

Stratum spinosum
Composed of 8-10 layers of
polygonal (many sided) keratinocytes

(Farris, 2013 )

STUDI DIFUSI IN VITRO


Dilakukan uji pelepasan zat aktif in vitro, agar
dapat ditentukan pembawa yang paling sesuai
untuk dapat melepaskan zat aktif di tempat
pengolesan
- difusi sederhana dalam air atau difusi dalam
gel
- dialisis melalui membran kolodion atau
selofan
(Kezic et al , 1997 )

STUDI PENYERAPAN
Penyerapan sistemik dan lokalisasi senyawa
dalam struktur kulit, dengan cara in vitro dan
in vivo dapat dipastikan lintasan penembusan
dan tetapan permeabilitas, serta
membandingkan efektifitas berbagai bahan
pembawa.

( Meuling et al, 1997 )

Surfaktan
Lapisan tanduk merupakan sawar yang efektif
dalam mencegah penembusan dari sebagian
besar surfaktan.

( Schafer P et., al, 2002 )

Tempat Pengolesan
Jumlah yang diserap untuk suatu molekul
yang sama akan berbeda dan tergantung pada
susunan anatomi dari tempat pengolesan.

(Brooke I et. al, 1998 )

Tetapan Difusi
Bila dihubungkan dengan gerakan
Brown, tetapan difusi dari bobot
molekul senyawa dan berinteraksi
kimia dg konstituen membran

Selain itu juga tergantung


pada kekentalan media serta
suhu.

Transcellular pathway

WAKTU LATEN
Molekul kimia diserap oleh kimia melalui difusi
pasif.
Mencerminkan
penundaan
penembusan
senyawa ke bagian dalam struktur tanduk
( stratum corneum ) dan pencapaian gradien
difusi
Beragam antara satu sama lain
T1 =e 2
6D
e = tebal membran
D =tetapan difusi molekul

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