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SUBTOPIC

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6

Biodiversity & Classification


Domain Bacteria & Archaea
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom
Protista/Protoctista
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom
Fungi
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom
Plantae
Domain Eukarya: Kingdom
Animalia

11.1 Biodiversity and


Classification
OBJECTIVES
State types of biodiversity :genetic,
species and ecosystem diversity
State hierarchical classification
State the classification systems
Five-kingdom system based on the
Whittaker (1969)
Three-domain system : Bacteria,
Archaea and Eukarya

TYPES OF BIODIVERSITY
3 types :
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity

GENETIC DIVERSITY

Combination of different genes found


within population of a species or within
different populations of the same

SPECIES DIVERSITY

Variety of species in an ecosystem or


throughout the entire biosphere

ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY

Variety of ecosystems and ecological


processes in the biosphere as well as
the diversity within ecosystem

TAXONOMY
Definition :
The science of naming,
describing and classifying
organisms

BIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION AND
NOMENCLATURE
All living organisms are classified
based on taxon (pl. taxa)
Taxon: group of organisms at
a particular level in a
classification system
Also known as taxonomic
hierarchy

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION AND


NOMENCLATURE
Introduced by Sweedish
naturalist, Carl Linnaeus (17071778)
Biological nomenclature is
based on the binomial system
Binomial system:
- is a formal system of naming
living organisms
- each organism has two part
name
- the name is known as binomial
name or scientific name

BINOMIAL NAME/SCIENTIFIC
NAME
Every organism is given a
scientific name
Each scientific name has two
parts:
First part : Genus (generic
name)
Second part : species
(specific name)

BINOMIAL NAME/SCIENTIFIC
NAME
Genus
: first alphabet is
CAPITAL LETTER
species
: all alphabets are
lowercase letter
If handwritten : must underline
Genus and species separately
If typed
italic

: both part must be

SCIENTIFIC NAME
Example :

HIERARCHICAL
CLASSIFICATION
Taxonomic group :
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

HIERARCHICAL
CLASSIFICATION

Example #1 :
Domain :
Kingdom :
Phylum
Class
Order
:
Family :
Genus
:
Species :

Eukarya
Animalia
: Chordata
: Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Panthera
Panthera pardus

HIERARCHICAL
CLASSIFICATION
Example #2 :
Domain :
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
:
Order
Family :
Genus
:
Species :

Eukarya
: Plantae
: Angiosperms
Eudicots
: Malvales
Malvaceae
Hibiscus
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
Divide into 2:

Fivekingdom
system
Introduced
by Robert
Whittaker;
1969

Three domain
system
Introduced by
Carl Woese;
1977

FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM

FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM


R.H. Whittaker has classified
living organism
based on 3 criteria :
Level of cell organization
Level
of
organism
organization
Type of nutrition

FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM


LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF
CELL
Prokaryote and eukaryote
Prokaryote belongs to Kingdom
Monera
comprising
bacteria
and
cyanobacteria

FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM


LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION OF
ORGANISM FOR EUKARYOTE
Unicellular and multicellular
Unicellular eukaryotes belong to
Kingdom Protista
Including Protozoa and Algae

FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM


TYPE OF NUTRITION OF
MULTICELLULAR
Autotrophic
and
Heterotrophic
Autotrophic
nutritional
mode
belongs to Kingdom Plantae

FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM


TYPE OF NUTRITION OF
MULTICELLULAR
Heterotrophic is either Saprophytic
or Holozoic
Multicellular eukaryote that is
heterotrophic absorptive
nutritional mode belongs to
Kingdom Fungi
Multicellular eukaryote that is
heterotrophic ingestive nutritional
mode belongs to Kingdom Animalia

FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM


LIVING ORGANISMS
I) Levels of cell organization
Prokaryotic
MONERA

Eukaryotic
II) Levels of organism organization

unicellular

multicellular

PROTISTA

III) Type of nutrition

Photosynthesis
(Autotrophic)

heterotrophic

PLANTAE
Saprophytic
(absorptive)

Holozoic
(ingestive)

FUNGI

ANIMALIA

FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM

THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM


Carl Woese (1977) classify
organism base on differences in
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence
between microorganisms
rRNA one of the component to
form ribosomes
THREE domains:
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya

THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM

THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM


Domain Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotes
Mostly single cell and
microscopic
Bacteria is the largest group
of organism on Earth

THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM


Domain Eukarya
Eukaryotes
Include both unicellular and
multicellular organisms
Unicellular: Kingdom Protista
Multicellular: Kingdom Fungi,
Kingdom Plantae and
Kingdom Animalia

HOTS QUESTION
Why is kingdom Monera is no
longer considered a valid taxon?

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