Presented by :

Lee Wen Qian

Von Seng Yong
Anussia Suresh

WHAT IS
HCL
?
H + Cl -> 2HCL

-> Hydrogen chloride (gas) dissolved in water.

Corrosive Acid
Combination of Hydrogen and Chlorine

 production of HCL is :
Strong acid

HISTORY

History
In 16th century byLibavius, who prepared it by heating salt in clay.
German Benedictine monkBasil Valentinein the 15th century heatedcommon saltand
green vitriol
In 17th century,Johann Rudolf GlauberfromGermanyusedsodium chloride saltandsulfuric acid
for the preparation ofsodium sulfatein theMannheim process, releasinghydrogen chloridegas.
Joseph PriestleyofLeeds, Englandprepared pure hydrogen chloride in 1772
During theIndustrial Revolution in Europe, demand foralkalinesubstances increased. A new
industrial process developed byNicolas LeblancofIssoundun, Franceenabled cheap large-scale
production ofsodium carbonate(soda ash). In thisLeblanc process, common salt is converted to
soda ash, using sulphuric acid, limestone, and coal, releasing hydrogen chloride as a by-product.
The excess HCl was vented into the air. After the passage of the act, soda ash producers were
obliged to absorb the waste gas in water, producing hydrochloric acid on an industrial scale.

Properties of Hydrochloric acid

Acidic
Very corrosive
Colourless
Pungent smell
Boiling Point = 57C
Density
= 1.2g/mL
State
= Liquid
Solubility = Soluble in water, insoluble in organic solven

IS HCL POLAR OR NONPOLAR ?

Reactions for HCl

With
Eg:

metals
HCl + Zn -> ZnCl2 + H2

With bases
Eg : 2HCl + CuO CuCl2+ H2O

With

carbonates

Eg : Na2CO3+ 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2+ H2O

APPLICATIONS

Application of Hydrochloric Acid

Used in manufacture of organic compound

Eg: Dichloroethane, vinyl chloride

Used to regulate the pH level

to neutralise the pH level of the food

Used as cleaning agent

One of the strongest commercially available cleaners today, is commonly used on masonry; however, the acid can be
used to clean any product that can withstand its effects.

Used in steel-pickling
In steel-pickling, a hydrochloric acid solution is used to remove rust and scale to prepare the steel surface for a
protective

Used in to facilitate oil well acidizing

This process involves injecting the acid into the cavities of oil wells to dissolve away sections of rock, leaving an open
column behind.

Production of Hydrochloric
Acid
Preparation Method

It can be prepared in the chloro-alkali industry, where brine (NaCl) and

sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are broken down by electrolysis in reactors called
electrolyzers.
2NaCl + 2H2O > 2NaOH + Cl2 + H2

The main components of an electrolyzer are the anode and cathode, separated by a
membrane.

The pure chlorine gas can be re-combined with the hydrogen gas, forming hydrogen chl oride
gas.

Cl2 + H2 2 HCl

Schematic of
Membrane cell

Anode

reaction

(aq) > (g) +

Cathode

reaction

+ (aq) + > (g)

Production of
HCL

Figure 1: Manufacturing of hydrochloric acid from hydrogen and chloride combustion

Production of
Hydrochloric
Acid
combustion chamber of structural carbon or lined with silica bricks provided with cooling device

excess of 10% hydrogen compare to chlorine is charged from the bottom of combustion chamber. the
combustion chamber and length of ducting which leads the gas to absorber should be sufficiently spacious

The burning of hydrogen is started by igniting the burner with an external air-hydrogen torch. Dry chlorine
is passed into the combustion chamber, where hydrogen burns in an atmosphere of chlorine to produce HCl.

exothermic nature of the direct combination of both gases (H 2 and Cl2) .The reaction is carried out at
2400C with greenish flame.

gases kept above dew point to avoid corrosion. The combustion chamber is then cooled externally by water
and gas tight lid is fitted at the top of the reactor which suddenly opens to allow the gases to escape in case
of emergency. Hydrochloric acid gas is cooled absorbed in water or dilute HCl solution by passing through
cooler and absorber through the connecting pipe. The strength of acid produced is generally 32-33 %. The
heat of absorption of HCl in water is removed by spray of cold water outside the absorber. The solution of
HCl flows into a storage tank.

Method of Storage
Hydrochloric acid should be kept in a tightly closed container and stored in chemical area
that is compatible with other chemicals.
Do not store near oxidizing materials.
Hydrochloric acid is most commonly stored either
in rubber-lined steel storage tanks or in
fiberglass-reinforced plastic storage tanks.

Recovery System
of
WhatHCL
is recovery system of hcl?
A system that built to recover mixed acid waste streams from
hydrofluoric/HCl, nitric/HCl, and also HCl.

Recovery System of HCL

The feed pump forces waste acid into the evaporator loop. The acid and water vaporize as
they travel through the heat exchanger and are released into the liquid/vapor Separator. The
remaining metal salt solution (metals + H2O) continues to circulate through this pressurized
boiling loop until it reaches a controlled concentration and is withdrawn to a storage tank.

Under a vacuum, the acid and water vapors are drawn from the Separator and into the
Condenser. The acid and water vapors, devoid of metal salts, are condensed back into liquid
form and recovered into a special thermoplastic vacuum tank.

The recovered acid is produce, and it is more concentrated than the original spent solution
fed into the system, then it will pumped back to the process for reuse. The remaining water
vapors and stripped of acid will pumped back into the condenser to produce water.

Safety
Store in a cool, dry, ventilated storage area with acid
resistant floors, and good drainage.
Protect from physical damage.
Do not wash out container and use it for other
purposes.
When diluting, the acid should always be added
slowly to water, and only in small amounts.
Never use hot water and never add water to the acid.
Water added to acid can cause uncontrolled boiling
and splashing.

RISK TO HEALTH
Inhalation: Inhalation of too much HCL vapors can cause coughing, choking,
inflammation of the nose, throat, and upper respiratory organs, and in severe
cases DEATH!
Ingestion: Swallowing HCL can cause immediate pain and burns of the mouth,
throat, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract. May cause nausea, vomiting, an
diarrhea.
Skin Contact: Can cause redness, pain, and severe skin burns.
#Concentrated solutions cause deep ulcers and discolor skin.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
When released into the soil, this material is NOT expected to biodegrade.
When released into the soil, this material may leach into groundwater.
It is toxitic to the aquatic life too.

MARKET VS SUPPLY
its primary uses in steel
pickling, food processing and
chemical manufacture.
used to extract natural gas
and petroleum from shale
rock formations
New capacity in the US and
Canada has seen HCl prices
fall in the past six months.
Expected capacity
expansions may suppress
prices further in late 2014.