<CHAPTER 6>

cdmaOne

mg_cho@semyung.ac.kr
Information & Communication Engineering
Semyung University

6 . 1 Wireless connectivity and duplex

What is CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)?
Qualcomm's Code Division US-developed by applying the frequency spread

spectrum technology, Multiple users time by multiple access method of a

can
digital
cellular
system
andA
system in which,
sharingthe
frequency

.
transmit
and receive
signals.
CDMA
theory has
already
the 1950's
were
used
in the
CDMA
1950
been
established
in1960

group communication
starting in the
group communication

.
1960s.
The

CDMA is
important
above
to)prevent
is spreading

(Spread
S p eall
c t risu m
eavesdropping

(Spread
.
Spectrum) technology, CDMA manner that applied to prevent
eavesdropping.

Feature of the CDMA method

-The large capacity.
-Quality of service possible
-Excellent security
-Providing high-quality data
services
-Size and weight is possible,
holding less power
consumption of the mobile
station
-Using
the soft hand-off

6 . 1 Duplex wireless access

(FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple

(TDMA: Time Division Multiple

Access)

Access)

8 Time Slots

Time
Power

TDMA

Power

Time

FDMA
Time Slot

Frequency

Frequency

Narrow Band (30 kHz)

200 kHz

(CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access)

1.25 MHz

Power
Time

CDMA
Frequency

6.1 Duplex wireless access

Ensure orthogonality (orthogonality) between signals
Receiver: correlation output operations
The output of the different signal has a value of '0'( : o r t h o g o n a l )

Sn (t)S m (t)dt

0,m

n k , m n
The matched filter (matched filter) and the correlator?(If the same t = T)
t
t
The matched
filter output
Z (t) r(t)* h(t) 0 r( )h(t )d 0 r( )s[T (t
0

)]d

*The matched filter

- Filter to minimize the effects of noise
- A type of line hyeongsi invariant filter to
maximize the SNR at the receiver

6 . 1 Duplex wireless access -2

correlator output from the point of view multiple access
Their signals are detected and should be free or nearly not
influence the detection of the signal of other users.
If the receiver is configured as a relay from the nose, the effect of other
signals can be ensured so that the orthogonality between the signal "0"
Only the desired signal detection may be a mixture of the other signal
The definition of orthogonal

S n (t)S m (t)dt

0,m

n k , m n

Especially if it is k 1 orthonormal
0

6 . 1 Duplex wireless access

(FDMA)
cos
T
Different
cos(2 f t)carrier
cos(2 signal :

(n 1,2,
N)

2f n t

fmt)dt
T
1
cos 2 ( nf f )t
2 0 cos 2 ( nf mf )t

m
dt

0 fn fm

fn fm

(TDMA)

Correlator for 1 user

user1

S1 (t)

Effect
T of s2 (t) to the output signal

2T

user2

S 2 (t)

s1 (t) s2 (t)dt 0

s1 (t) s2 (t)dt
0

2T

6 . 1 Duplex wireless connection [Test]

(CDMA)
Code 1 : 1 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 - 1
Code 1

-1

/ Code 2 : 1 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 1 - 1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

Code 1
Code 1 Code 1

8 (The same Code)

( C o d e 1 Code 1 )
Code 1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

Code 2
Code 1 Code 2

0 (Other code:orthogonal)

( C o d e 1 Code 2 )

6 . 1 Duplex wireless access [ ]

(CDMA) Examples of simultaneous data transmission
User 1 : code 1 Use, transfer data :

1
1

Data 1

Code 1

-1

-1

-1

-1

S 1 ( t ) = D a t a 1 x Code 1

-1

-1

-1

-1

User 2 : code 2 Use, transfer data :

-1
- 1

Data 2

Code 2

-1

-1

-1

-1

S 2 ( t ) = D a t a 2 x Code 2

-1

- 1

-1

-1

The actual data transmission S 1 ( t ) + S 2 ( t )

6 . 1 Duplex wireless access [ ]

User 1 reception process
0

-2

-2

Code 1

-1

-1

-1

-1

( S 1 ( t ) + S 2 ( t ) ) x Code 1

S1 (t) + S2 (t)

( S 1 ( t ) + S 2 ( t ) ) x Code 1

8 1

User 2 reception process

0

-2

-2

Code 2

-1

-1

-1

-1

( S 1 ( t ) + S 2 ( t ) ) x Code 2

-2

-2

-2

-2

S1 (t) + S2 (t)

( S 1 ( t ) + S 2 ( t ) ) x C ode 2

- 8 -1

Multiplying the code of the desired signal at the transmitting end to

detect the desired signal possible

6. 1. 2 ( duplex) [
Multiplex
]

: Separate the plurality of users

Duplex :

Upwardly, separation of the DL

FDD ( f r e q ue nc y division duplex)

TDD ( t i m e division duplex)

(D/L)

CDD (code division duplex)

(U/L)

FDD TDD

10

6 . 2 The type and generation of the code

CDMA (code)
Orthogonality between different users
made by Jim code

2 types of code
(Orthogonal Code)
Maintain perfect orthogonality between code One another
interference between different code "0"

Time synchronization (start the match) have the

desired results and fumes

(PN code: PseudoNoise code)

Used when the time alignment is not
obtained
Perfect orthogonality is not guaranteed and guaranteed is small enough
to ignore the interference from the other signal

codes
Orthogonal

are separated11
by a call channel, PN
code is

6. 2. 1 Walsh code [
]
Walsh
code (W alsh- Hadamar d

[ G e n e r a t i o n

code)
Te s t ]
Select any code within the code group even maintained
a perfect
orthogonality

H1

1
1

1
1 1 1

H 1 H1
H
1 1 1 1
1
2
H 1
1 1 1

1
H

1 1 1
1
H k H k 1
Hk
1

-1

-1

-1

-1

H 2,1

-1

-1

H 2,0 x H 2,1

-1

-1

H 2,0

H k 1

H k 1

H 2,0 x H 2,1

12

0( o r t h o g o n a l )

6. 2. 1 Walsh code [
]

If time synchronization does not fit the orthogonal cracking [Test]

-1

-1

-1

-1

H2 , 3 (t-T)

-1

-1

-1

-1

H2 , 2 (t) x H2 , 3 (t-T)

H2 , 2 (t)

H2,2(t) x
H2 , 3 (t-T)

For much larger correlation value (cross correlation) between

the code

This increases interference between codes

Used) channel identified in the forward link of a CDMA system

Disabled on a reverse-time synchronization between the code

mihwakbo

Using pseudo-noise code

13

6. 2. 2 Pseudo-noise codes - PN Code

(PN code: pseudo-noise code)
: Similar characteristics and a random code that comes with the
front coin comes in a '1' back caused by repeated the experiment
several times represented by "-1"

Characteristics of PN Code
(balanced

property)

"1" and the number "-1" less than the difference between the number of one of
within one period.

(correlation

Property)

Autocorrelation value Rxx() =0 Except this time, and a very low value

(run

property)

Is the number of the entire run of length one half of the run, would where the
length of the run 2 is 1/4, that the length of the run 3 1/8, , the length of the
run r is the generation number should be 1 / 2r.

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

14

3
1

1
1

6 . 2 . 2 . 1 Maximum Length Sequence

PN sequence generating Principle
using
t h e Feedback S h i f t
Registe
E
PN generator
xample
0

2n-1: [1 1 1 0 0 1 0]

Pattern=1001011

15

6 . 2 . 2 . 1 Maximum Length Sequence

using t h e Feedback S h i f t Register

m(0):

Code : 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
01 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

m(1):

Sum(m(0) m(1))

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

Characteristics of the auto-correlation function

15
16

14

-14

15

-15

The maximum run length sequence characteristics

16

6 . 2 . 2 . 1 Maximum Length Sequence

(M-sequence: maximal length sequence)
Generating a maximum length sequenceClock

Shift
Register

Shift
Register

Maximal length : 2
1

Shift
Register

Shift
Register

17

1st SR

2nd SR

3rd SR

4th SR

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

6 . 2 . 2 . 2 Gold sequences [See]

(Gold sequence)
Generating the Gold code by adding the output of the two maximal length
sequences pair (preferred m-sequence pair)
Maximum Length Sequence

synthesis Gold sequence occurs

- Reciprocal Relationship
Excellence
- Plenty kind of code

- -1, -t(n), t(n)-2

It has a value of
one

Maximum Length Sequence

2(n1) / 2 1
t(n) (n2) /
2
2

18

1
even

for
odd
for n

6 . 3 Spread Spectrum
Spread: A method of transferring by diffusion across a broader band than
the bandwidth with the signal to be transmitted principle.
C : C a p ac i ty
B : Bandwidth
S
N

: Signal t o noise r a t i o

P o we r = ?

S/N : 30.1dB
B = 1 MHz

C B log 2 1 S N

POWER

C = 10Mbps
P o we r =?

S/N : 0 dB

Band Width

B = 10 MHz

Capa c i t y

C = 10Mbps

19

6 . 3 Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spreading and despreading

Tc

Tc

20

6 . 3 Spread Spectrum
Spread Benefits
(Anti-Jam)
( Interference R e je c ti on )
(Message S e c u r i t y &

Privacy)

( L ow Probability o f I n t e r c e p t )
Rake Receiver: secure multi-path diversity

21

6 . 3 Spread Spectrum
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum( F r e q u e n c y
Hopping )

Only one point seems to look at the original bandwidth while

maintaining the signal transmission leap to look at a number of
bands during the time schedule seems to use a wider frequency.

Frequency Hopping pattern: determined by the code

Receiver: If you do not have the same code signal can not
be restored

22

6 . 4 . 1 Assigned code

[Continued in Chapter 7]

The use of code from cdmaOne systems (test)

Code

Forw ard
(BS MS)
Channel
classification

Orthogonal

64 Walsh

Code
( )

Code

Long
PN Code

2 4 2 -1

Short
PN Code

2 1 5 -1

(Orthogonal
Spreading)
- Currency, the pilot
channel
division

Scrambling

Cell classification
(The base station
identification)
23

Reverse
(MS BS)

Symbol classifi cati on

(Ort hogonal Modulation)
- Walsh codes in accordance
with the data Kind of
classification: performance
improvements

User classification (
Direct Spreading)
Classification of
users
Scrambling
(Quadrature
Spreading)

6 . 4 . 2 BS identification using code

BS identification using code
Synchronous(cdmaOne,

cdma 2000)

BS identification using the time difference (delay

versions) of the same code.

Asynchronously(WCDMA)

Assigning a different code to each base station

24

6 . 5 Diversity techniques [important concept]

Frequency Diversity
Transmitting the same signal to a different frequency
sufficiently apart, and how to receive these signals properly
combined.
Ex)

OFDM, MC-CDMA

Time diversity (test)

Transmitting the same signal at different times, and, after
receiving a signal by combining these appropriately.
E x ) CDMA Rake receiver
Space Diversity
-How to combine the received signals through the multiple
receive antennas spatial-position by one-half a wavelength or
more from the synchronization.

-Ex)

MIMO (Multiple

input Multiple O u t p u t )

-Since the terminal jeyakseong / 2 offset difficulty of space,

by combining the signals of the terminal (MS) received via

25

6. 6 ( Hand Over )
NCHO(Network Controlled Handover)
-Base station to measure the received signal strength of the mobile
switching center reports. If the hand-over decision to see the change in the
switching center receives signal strength.

MCHO(Mobile Controlled Handover)

-Mobile terminal the strength of a received signal is measured, and the
handover decision

MAHO(Mobile Assistant Handover)

A mobile terminal is reported to the central office to
measure the intensity of the received signal by the base
station made through them, and the switching center is a
The network determines the handover, however, reported by the mobile
handover
command,
the for
network
is determined by the
station is measuring
a parameter
the
Exchange
handover
determining
these
values,
the
parameters for the
handover by the mobile station and the
handover.
switching center coupled to the
network, such as handover.
A
B

(MS)

26

6. 7 ( Pow er Cont r ol) ~ [

]

The reason for the power control?

(Criti cal)-on the reverse link (URL)

Technique to resolve the perspective problem (near-far problem) to

mobile stations close to or far away from the base station
distribution caused by transmitting the signal.
Near-far problem : But there are no problems located
near the terminal to a call, the terminal is located far
smaller interference signal his suffering signals are
relatively large and very large interference.

27

6 . 7 (Power Control)
SNR of user 1 : 1/10 [Twinkling of

power
User A1

MS] SNR of user 2 : 10 [The

closest MS] user 1 : [1 -1].*[1 1 -1

User A2

-1]*1/10
data

code

power

user 2 : [-1 1].*[1 1 1 1]*10

Z = [-9.9- 9.9 -10.1 -10.1 9.9 9.9 10.1 10.1]
frequency

user 1 reception : [-9.9- 9.9 -10.1 -10.1 9.9 9.9 10.1 10.1].*[1 1 -1 -1] =[0.4, -0.4] Vulnerable to
noise
user 2 reception : [-9.9- 9.9 -10.1 -10.1 9.9 9.9 10.1 10.1].*[1 1 1 1] =[-40 , 40] Robust to noise

User2 while enjoying a good speech quality at high SNR, User 1 does not
gotten nearly the SNR required for the call This inequity is
known as the classic near-far problem in a spreadspectrum multiple access.

28

6. 7 ( Pow er Cont r ol) [

]

Power control (electric power control) is a way to prevent the near-far problem
maximize capacity.
The power control is "user (MS) is haneungeot to the
transmission power of the control from one another equal
to any power of each user signal to be received at BS".
[Concept
testing]
29

6 . 7 (Power Control)
Reverse link (Reverse Link: MS

BS)

Access Probes ( )
One problem t h a t has
t o be immediately solved
in p o w e r c o n t r o l is
t h e initial mobile t r a n s m i t
power.
It is different from the frequency of the D / L
and U / L, so that the propagation environment is different
in determining
2 kinds
of options a power of the transmission signal coming
fromt only
ofr the received signal because it does
High
r a n s the
m i t size
p o we

not correct.
- Advantages : Increase t he proba bility o f good

re cepti on
(U/L)
(D/L)
- Disadvantages : i n t e r f e re n c e t o o t h e r users

- Advantage
L o w t r a n s: mDont
i t p o we
r
cause
much i nt e r f e re n c e t o o t h e r

users

- Disadvantage : decrease t he likehood

f

30

6. 7 ( Pow er Cont r ol) - Reference

The base station

notifies the
parameter value.

Pt

Pr 73 NOM _ PWR INIT _ PWR

,initial

[dB]

- 73 : for cellular,
31

-76
: for PCS

6 . 7 (Power Control) [Reference]

Open

Loop

Purely
mobile-controlled operation (MS is a self-tuning)
Compensate f o r
sl o w- va ryin g
and lognormal
shadowing e f f e c t s
Determining on the basis of the forward path loss
Time
c o n s t => 20ms
Pt ,initial Pr 73 NOM _ PWR INIT _ PWR
(sumof all access probecorrections)
Fast
freq.
Occurs

Rayleigh fading
dependent,
o v e r eve ry half-wavel ength

32

6 . 8 cdmaOne system capacity

Output System Capacity
The capacity of the CDMA is that, for example, to
maintain the number of demodulation element receiver,
power control accuracy, interference power (other users
within the cell) and so on

S :

The average power of the received signal,

The average bit energy

Eb :

E
Tb : tST
i m e d u rTa ti o1/
n /
R : b i t r a t e / W:
Average
power
R station for spreading bandwidth
E
b S / R
of the received signal: Of the noise signal
N0 N
E S
W Frequency power
b

N0
Eb

RN0

density

: processing
gain
33

SF: spreading factor =

spreading code

6 . 8 cdmaOne system capacity

This assumes that the Reverse link power control
in a fully

N0

M : Total number of users present

power

M1

N
Eb

User A1

1 W

User A2
User A3

(M 1) R

User A4

(W / R)

User A6

M1

User A5
User A7

(Eb / N0 )

1
S
6
N A1

(W / R)

frequency

M :Assuming the number of users large enough

M

(Eb / N0 )number of users (M) is much lower the higher the

Acceptable

SNR required by SF

34

6 . 8 cdmaOne system capacity

E f f e c t o f loading ( f r e q u e n c y reuse )

Eb
1 W 1 )

N 0 (M 1) R (
1

: loading factor

Between 0% and 100%

SNR of the received signal by the

interference of the adjacent base
station becomes lower

The invers e o f the f a c t o r (1 ) is sometimes

known as t he f req ue nc y reuse f a c t o r F.
1
F
1
For CDMA
F=0.65
For FDMA
F=1/7=0.14

35

6 . 8 cdmaOne system capacity

power

User A1
User A2
User A3
User A4
User A5
User A6
User A7
User B1
User B2
User C1

loading factor :0.5

User C2

frequency

Loading factor is 0.5 resulting in (1+0.5), or a 150% increase

of interference

36

6 . 8 cdmaOne system capacity

Ef f ect of Sectorization [important] To improve SNR
Effect of the ring sectors may remove the
interference from the other sectors, not their
sectors by dividing the sectors using the
deflection antenna.
- Interference is reduced by one third for the sector 3

This a r r a n g e m e n t decreases
t h e e f f e c t o f loading by a
t o rtypically
o f a pp r oxi
ma t el2y. 53 .
around
fa cis
f o r 3 s e c t o r configured
s y s t e m s and 5

f o r six

s e c t o r configured s y s t e m s .
Eb
N0

1
W
1 )
(
(M 1) R 1

37

[Review] ring sectors (sectoring)

City have used the ring channels are distributed by sector
Sector Group

120 ring sector (or third sector)

5
5
7
5

6
5

5
5

If the number of the first frequency reuse factor of seven co-channel

(co-channel) interference source in the interference of the cells is
reduced from six to two.

(Signal-to-interference ratio) has increased 3 times

sectorizing gain3

SIR

38

6 . 8 cdmaOne system capacity

Effect of voice

: The effect of the voice

The
vocod e r usedactivation
by th e IS-rate)
95 sys t em is
activity (
v ariable r a t e , which means t h a t t h e o u t p u t r a t e
o f t h e v o c o d e r is
adjusted
according t o a
users a c t u a l
speech p a t t e r n .
Speech s t a t i s t i c s shows t h a t a
user in a
co n v e rs a tion t ypic ally spea k s bet we e n 40%
and 50%
o f the time.
By employing v a r i a b l e - r a t e vo c o di ng , t h e s y s t e m
reduces t h e t o t a l i n t e r f e r e n c e p o w e r by t h is voice
activity fac to r.

W 1
1

N0 (M 1) R 1
Eb

39

CDMA is helpful to
improve the received
SNR much less
chance of
interference does not
occur in the speech
signal

6 . 8 cdmaOne system capacity [Test]

loading, sectorization, all voice activity considered

Eb
N0

W 1
1

(M 1) R 1
1

Solving for M yield

(W / R) 1 1
M 1

(Eb / N0 ) 1

- The lower the SNR required

- The higher the spread spectrum
processing gain (SF) is
- User load on the neighboring base
station the smaller the

If M is large, then

- The higher the gain sectored

(W / R) 1
1
M

(Eb / N0 ) 1

: loading
factor
: Sectorization
gain: voice activity
CDMA factor
systems

- The lower the voice activation ratio

The capacity increases.

(Acceptable number of users
increases N)
40