PERGERAKAN MOLEKUL

DALAM SEL TUMBUHAN

Sri anggraeni

Membran sel

Fluid mosaic model

Sifat fluiditas membran berasal dari
phosfolipid
Bersifat selektif permeabel
Apa yang akan terjadi jika sepotong
jaringan tumbuhan umbi bit direndam
dalam air panas, methanol, dan air
dingin?

Cell membranes are selectively

permeable
Movement of molecules depends on size,
molecular weight and charge.
Small molecules move across membrane
easily.
Nonpolar substances move through the
lipid bilayer rapidly.
Polar molecules move through more
slowly.

Proteins can occupy one side of the

membrane (peripheral) or can cross
from one end to the other through the
membrane (transmembrane.)
In transmembrane proteins, hydrophilic
regions will face outwards, while
hydrophobic regions will be found in
interior of membrane.
Biological membranes are twodimensional fluids, where phospholipid
molecules of each layer are mobile.
Various molecules, such as glycoproteins,
glycolipids, histocompatibility proteins
will protrude from surface of plasma

osmosis

Dengan cara apa air masuk melewati

membran?

PA = PO + PT

Yw =Ys +Yp
+Yg
The
The major
major factors
factors
influencing
influencing the
the water
water
potential
potential in
in plants
plants
are
are concentration,
concentration, pressure,
pressure,

Why
Why are
are osmosis
osmosis &
& diffusion
diffusion
important?
important?

This membrane is a complex structure

that is responsible for separating the
contents of the cell from its
surroundings, for controlling the
movement of materials into and out of
the cell, and for interacting with the
environment surrounding the cell.

Osmosis and Plant cells

In plant cells, cell sap contains dissolved salts

and sugar. If cell sap has lower water potential
than that of surrounding solution, water enters
by osmosis.

Plant cell will swell and become firm / turgid.

Plant cell walls prevent cells from bursting.

Turgor pressure - outward pressure which

cell sap exerts against inside wall of cell.

Turgor helps to support soft tissues in plants

Osmosis and Plant cells

If cell sap has higher water

potential than surrounding
solution, water moves out of
the vacuole and cytoplasm
shrinks away from the cell
wall.

Cell loses its turgor, shrinks

and becomes flaccid or soft.
The cell becomes
plasmolysed.

Plasmolysis - shrinkage of
cytoplasm away from the cell
wall when plant cells are
immersed in a solution of low
water potential.

Plasmolysis causes land

plants to wilt, in non-woody

the
the osmotic
osmotic potential
potential may
may
be
be estimated
estimated by
by the
the vant
vant Hoff
Hoff equation:
equation:
where
where RR is
is the
the gas
gas constant
constant (8.32
(8.32 JJ mol1
mol1 K
K
1),
1), TT is
is the
the absolute
absolute temperature
temperature (in
(in
degrees
degrees Kelvin,
Kelvin, or
or K),
K), and
and cs
cs is
is the
the solute
solute
concentration
concentration of
of the
the solution,
solution, expressed
expressed as
as
osmolality
osmolality
(moles
(moles of
of total
total dissolved
dissolved solutes
solutes per
per liter
liter of
of
water
water [mol/L1]).
[mol/L1]).
Yp = 0 MPa

Gambar Hasil Pengamatan

Sayatan epidermis bawah daun Rhoe

discolor yang direndam dalam air
aquades
Sel
normal

Gambar Hasil Pengamatan

Sayatan epidermis bawah daun Rhoe discolor
yang direndam dalam larutan garam 0,2%

Sel normal, belum

terjadi plasmolisis

Gambar Hasil Pengamatan

Sayatan epidermis bawah daun Rhoe discolor
yang direndam dalam larutan garam 0,4%

Sel normal, belum

terjadi plasmolisis

Gambar Hasil Pengamatan

Sayatan epidermis bawah daun Rhoe discolor
yang direndam dalam larutan garam 0,6%

Sel mulai
mengalami
plasmolisis di
bagian ujung sel

Gambar Hasil Pengamatan

Sayatan epidermis bawah daun Rhoe discolor
yang direndam dalam larutan garam 0,8%

Seluruh sel
terplasmolisis di
bagian ujung sel
sampai tengah sel

Gambar Hasil Pengamatan

Sayatan epidermis bawah daun Rhoe discolor
yang direndam dalam larutan garam 1,0%

Seluruh sel
terplasmolisis
sampai tengah sel

Gambar Hasil Pengamatan

Sayatan epidermis bawah daun Rhoe discolor
yang direndam dalam larutan garam 2,0% dan
3,0%
2%
Seluruh sel
terplasmolisis
sampai lebih dari
tengah sel
3%

difusi

Pergerakan molekul akan lebih cepat jika

gradient molekul sangat berbeda tajam

050501.swf

050502.swf

Difusi berfasilitas
050701.swf

Pompa K Na+

050801.swf

Active transport - molecules move from a region of

low concentration to a high concentration (against
a concentration gradient) using energy from
respiration
Only in living cells
Cell contains numerous mitochondria, with high
respiratory rate to provide energy for this process
Examples:
Absorption of dissolved mineral salts by root hairs
Absorption of glucose and amino acids by cells in
small intestine

Potassium is accumulated passively by both thecytosol

and the vacuole, except when extracellular
Kconcentrations are very low, in which case it is
takenup actively.
Sodium is pumped actively out of the cytosol into
theextracellular spaces and vacuole.
Excess protons, generated by intermediary
metabolism,arealso actively extruded fromthe cytosol.
This process helps maintain the cytosolic pH near
neutrality, while the vacuole and the extracellular
medium aregenerally more acidic by one or two pH
units.
All the anions are taken up actively into the cytosol.
Calcium is actively transported out of the cytosol at
both the cell membrane and the vacuolar membrane,
which is called the tonoplast (see Figure 6.4).

Eksositosis & endositosis

050901.swf
050902.swf

Vesicles form and fuse easily from phospholipid

bilayer, as evidenced by the formation of vesicles
from the Golgi apparatus. In so doing, cells can
"package" and release cellular products.
Receptor molecules are proteins found on the
exterior surface of the plasma membrane. When
the appropriate molecule binds to it, the receptor
molecule will change shape. This change of
shape may transmit information to the interior of
the cell and induce signal transduction, in
which an extracellular signal is converted to an
intracellular signal that affects some function of
the cell, e.g. insulin binding to receptor, and that
induces the production of the intracellular signal
molecule, cyclic AMP.

Diffusion is a physical process based on random

motion
Solvent molecules will push solute molecules from an area
of high concentration to an area of low concentration until
dynamic equilibrium is reached. This movement is along a
concentration gradient. The movement of solute molecules
across a membrane is called dialysis.
Water can also diffuse across a membrane from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration. This is
called osmosis.
In some cases, the diffusion of a solute is faster than
expected, based on the size of the solute molecules. Such
molecules diffuse through a membrane via specific
channels. This movement is still along a concentration
gradient and is called facilitated diffusion. An example is
glucose.
Active transport pushes substances (usually ions)
against a concentration gradient